Noninvasive evaluation of electrical stimulation impacts on muscle hemodynamics via integrating diffuse optical spectroscopies with muscle stimulator

Abstract. Technologies currently available for the monitoring of electrical stimulation (ES) in promoting blood circulation and tissue oxygenation are limited. This study integrated a muscle stimulator with a diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flow-oximeter to noninvasively quantify muscle blood flow and oxygenation responses during ES. Ten healthy subjects were tested using the integrated system. The muscle stimulator delivered biphasic electrical current to right leg quadriceps muscle, and a custom-made DCS flow-oximeter was used for simultaneous measurements of muscle blood flow and oxygenation in both legs. To minimize motion artifact of muscle fibers during ES, a novel gating algorithm was developed for data acquisition at the time when the muscle was relaxed. ES at 2, 10, and 50 Hz were applied for 20 min on each subject in three days sequentially. Results demonstrate that the 20-min ES at all frequencies promoted muscle blood flow significantly. However, only the ES at 10 Hz resulted in significant and persistent increases in oxy-hemoglobin concentration during and post ES. This pilot study supports the application of the integrated system to quantify tissue hemodynamic improvements for the optimization of ES treatment in patients suffering from diseases caused by poor blood circulation and low tissue oxygenation (e.g., pressure ulcer).

[1]  Peter J Sinclair,et al.  Effect of load during electrical stimulation training in spinal cord injury , 2004, Muscle & nerve.

[2]  L. Kloth,et al.  Acceleration of wound healing with high voltage, monophasic, pulsed current. , 1988, Physical therapy.

[3]  Christina Routsi,et al.  Short-term systemic effect of electrical muscle stimulation in critically ill patients. , 2009, Chest.

[4]  W. Phillips,et al.  Relative changes in blood flow with functional electrical stimulation during exercise of the paralyzed lower limbs , 1995, Paraplegia.

[5]  Daniel W. Repperger,et al.  Biomimetic model of skeletal muscle isometric contraction: I. an energetic-viscoelastic model for the skeletal muscle isometric force twitch , 2004, Comput. Biol. Medicine.

[6]  P. Kohl,et al.  Force generation for locomotion of vertebrates: skeletal muscle overview , 2004, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[7]  Guoqiang Yu,et al.  Diffuse optical monitoring of repeated cerebral ischemia in mice , 2011, Optics express.

[8]  Scott D. Stevens,et al.  Noninvasive diffuse optical monitoring of head and neck tumor blood flow and oxygenation during radiation delivery , 2012, Biomedical optics express.

[9]  Campbell,et al.  Scattering and Imaging with Diffusing Temporal Field Correlations. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[10]  J. Bobet,et al.  A simple model of force generation by skeletal muscle during dynamic isometric contractions , 1998, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[11]  Tomoyuki Yambe,et al.  Low-frequency electrical stimulation increases muscle strength and improves blood supply in patients with chronic heart failure. , 2006, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[12]  David A Boas,et al.  Diffuse optical imaging of the whole head. , 2006, Journal of biomedical optics.

[13]  Susan M. Schultz,et al.  Cerebral hemodynamics in preterm infants during positional intervention measured with diffuse correlation spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. , 2009, Optics express.

[14]  Yu Shang,et al.  Noninvasive optical characterization of muscle blood flow, oxygenation, and metabolism in women with fibromyalgia , 2012, Arthritis Research & Therapy.

[15]  Bernard Gallez,et al.  Contribution of oxygenation to BOLD contrast in exercising muscle , 2004, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[16]  Yu Shang,et al.  Noninvasively measuring the hemodynamic effects of massage on skeletal muscle: a novel hybrid near-infrared diffuse optical instrument. , 2012, Journal of bodywork and movement therapies.

[17]  D. Boas,et al.  Spatially varying dynamical properties of turbid media probed with diffusing temporal light correlation , 1997 .

[18]  Michael Jünger,et al.  Local therapy and treatment costs of chronic, venous leg ulcers with electrical stimulation (Dermapulse®): A prospective, placebo controlled, double blind trial , 2008, Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society.

[19]  J. Detre,et al.  Diffuse optical measurement of blood flow, blood oxygenation, and metabolism in a human brain during sensorimotor cortex activation. , 2004, Optics letters.

[20]  B. Chance,et al.  Time-dependent blood flow and oxygenation in human skeletal muscles measured with noninvasive near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies. , 2005, Journal of biomedical optics.

[21]  Chong Huang,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of deep tissue blood flow and oxygenation using noncontact diffuse correlation spectroscopy flow-oximeter , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[22]  D. Delpy,et al.  Optical pathlength measurements on adult head, calf and forearm and the head of the newborn infant using phase resolved optical spectroscopy. , 1995, Physics in medicine and biology.

[23]  David A. Boas,et al.  Factors affecting the accuracy of near-infrared spectroscopy concentration calculations for focal changes in oxygenation parameters , 2003, NeuroImage.

[24]  Jerrold Petrofsky,et al.  The effect of electrical stimulation on a normal skin blood flow in active young and older adults. , 2007, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[25]  Davide Contini,et al.  Noninvasive observation of skeletal muscle contraction using near-infrared time-resolved reflectance and diffusing-wave spectroscopy. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[26]  Guoqiang Yu,et al.  Noninvasive optical quantification of absolute blood flow, blood oxygenation, and oxygen consumption rate in exercising skeletal muscle. , 2012, Journal of biomedical optics.

[27]  F Tajima,et al.  Low-echoic lesions underneath the skin in subjects with spinal-cord injury , 2009, Spinal Cord.

[28]  Yu Shang,et al.  Noninvasive optical evaluation of spontaneous low frequency oscillations in cerebral hemodynamics , 2012, NeuroImage.

[29]  D. Boas,et al.  Noninvasive optical measures of CBV, StO2, CBF index, and rCMRO2 in human premature neonates' brains in the first six weeks of life , 2010, Human brain mapping.

[30]  J. Detre,et al.  The effects of healthy aging on cerebral hemodynamic responses to posture change , 2010, Physiological measurement.

[31]  A. Yodh,et al.  Effects of muscle fiber motion on diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow measurements during exercise , 2010, Biomedical optics express.

[32]  Angela Gall,et al.  Pressure changes under the ischial tuberosities of seated individuals during sacral nerve root stimulation. , 2006, Journal of rehabilitation research and development.

[33]  Guoqiang Yu,et al.  Portable optical tissue flow oximeter based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy. , 2009, Optics letters.

[34]  Yu Shang,et al.  Intraoperative evaluation of revascularization effect on ischemic muscle hemodynamics using near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies. , 2011, Journal of biomedical optics.

[35]  Guoqiang Yu,et al.  Cerebral monitoring during carotid endarterectomy using near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies and electroencephalogram , 2011, Physics in medicine and biology.

[36]  S. Frazier,et al.  The relationship between dermal pressure ulcers, oxygenation and perfusion in mechanically ventilated patients. , 2005, Intensive & critical care nursing.

[37]  Aleksandar Janković,et al.  Frequency rhythmic electrical modulation system in the treatment of chronic painful leg ulcers , 2008, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[38]  L. Vodovnik,et al.  Low frequency pulsed current and pressure ulcer healing , 1994 .

[39]  A A Vandervoort,et al.  Quadriceps muscle strength, contractile properties, and motor unit firing rates in young and old men , 1999, Muscle & nerve.

[40]  Richard B Thompson,et al.  Prevention of pressure-induced deep tissue injury using intermittent electrical stimulation. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[41]  W. Colier,et al.  Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O(2) consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle. , 2001, Journal of applied physiology.

[42]  Chong Huang,et al.  Simultaneous Measurements of Deep Tissue Blood Flow and Oxygenation using Noncontact Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy Flow-oximeter , 2014 .

[43]  Thomas W. J. Janssen,et al.  Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers Using Electrical Stimulation , 2005 .

[44]  P. Faghri,et al.  Electrically induced and voluntary activation of physiologic muscle pump: a comparison between spinal cord-injured and able-bodied individuals , 2002, Clinical rehabilitation.

[45]  T. Floyd,et al.  Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopy for muscle blood flow with concurrent arterial spin labeled perfusion MRI. , 2007, Optics express.

[46]  Mustafa Tercan,et al.  A Comparative Study of the Effect of Ultrasound and Electrostimulation on Wound Healing in Rats , 1997, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[47]  R. Isseroff,et al.  Electrical stimulation of wound healing. , 2003, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[48]  H. Brem,et al.  Protocol for the successful treatment of pressure ulcers. , 2004, American journal of surgery.

[49]  Kevin K McCully,et al.  Blood flow and muscle fatigue in SCI individuals during electrical stimulation. , 2003, Journal of applied physiology.

[50]  L. Kloth,et al.  Chronic dermal ulcer healing enhanced with monophasic pulsed electrical stimulation. , 1991, Physical therapy.

[51]  C. B. Kincaid,et al.  Effect of electrical stimulation on chronic leg ulcer size and appearance. , 2003, Physical therapy.

[52]  Arjun G. Yodh,et al.  Noninvasive Monitoring of Murine Tumor Blood Flow During and After Photodynamic Therapy Provides Early Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy , 2005, Clinical Cancer Research.

[53]  J. Petrofsky,et al.  The interrelationships between electrical stimulation, the environment surrounding the vascular endothelial cells of the skin, and the role of nitric oxide in mediating the blood flow response to electrical stimulation. , 2007, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[54]  E. Gratton,et al.  Non-invasive optical monitoring of the newborn piglet brain using continuous-wave and frequency-domain spectroscopy. , 1999, Physics in medicine and biology.

[55]  John B. Shoven,et al.  I , Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal.

[56]  S Bornmyr,et al.  Effects of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on the microcirculation in chronic leg ulcers. , 2000, Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery.

[57]  M. Ferrari,et al.  The use of near-infrared spectroscopy in understanding skeletal muscle physiology: recent developments , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[58]  Kijoon Lee,et al.  Diffuse correlation spectroscopy with a fast Fourier transform-based software autocorrelator , 2012, Journal of biomedical optics.

[59]  B. Turner,et al.  A Non-Contact Imaging-Based Approach to Detecting Stage I Pressure Ulcers , 2006, 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[60]  R. Ichord,et al.  Diffuse optical monitoring of hemodynamic changes in piglet brain with closed head injury. , 2009, Journal of biomedical optics.

[61]  Yu Shang,et al.  Diffuse optical characterization of an exercising patient group with peripheral artery disease. , 2013, Journal of biomedical optics.

[62]  J. Detre,et al.  Noninvasive Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared and Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopies in Critically Brain-Injured Adults , 2010, Neurocritical care.

[63]  Turgut Durduran,et al.  Noninvasive measurements of tissue hemodynamics with hybrid diffuse optical methods , 2004 .

[64]  A. Joseph Threlkeld,et al.  Effect of graded electrical stimulation on blood flow to healthy muscle. , 1986, Physical therapy.

[65]  J Feedar,et al.  Chronic dermal ulcer healing enhanced with monophasic pulsed electrical stimulation. , 1992, Physical therapy.

[66]  Britton Chance,et al.  Diffuse optical tomography with physiological and spatial a priori constraints , 2004, Physics in medicine and biology.

[67]  P. Faghri,et al.  Venous hemodynamics of the lower extremities in response to electrical stimulation. , 1998, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[68]  A. Mawson,et al.  Risk Factors for Early Occurring Pressure Ulcers Following Spinal Cord Injury , 1988, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[69]  Hanli Liu,et al.  Investigation of rat breast tumour oxygen consumption by near-infrared spectroscopy , 2005 .

[70]  Yu Lin,et al.  Using optical fibers with different modes to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of diffuse correlation spectroscopy flow-oximeter measurements , 2013, Journal of biomedical optics.

[71]  Britton Chance,et al.  Investigation of the prefrontal cortex in response to duration-variable anagram tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. , 2009, Journal of biomedical optics.

[72]  Guoqiang Yu,et al.  Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis and therapy monitoring. , 2012, Journal of biomedical optics.