Teaching as a Dynamic Phenomenon with Interpersonal Interactions

People tend to assimilate toward each other. Importantly, assimilations occur both explicitly and implicitly at various levels, ranging from low-level sensory-motor coordination to high-level conceptual mimicry. Teaching is often confused with simply one means of enhancing learning. However, as we shall see in the other articles in this issue, teaching is a dynamic phenomenon where interpersonal interactions occur explicitly and implicitly at multiple levels. Bonding through coordinated interpersonal interactions occupies a substantial portion of teaching. In this article, I would like to introduce two interpersonal phenomena that exemplify implicit interactions and discuss their relations to the new realization of teaching.

[1]  Katherine Clunis D'Andrea Trust: A Master Teacher's Perspective on Why It Is Important: How to Build It and Its Implications for MBE Research , 2013 .

[2]  Vanessa Rodríguez,et al.  The Human Nervous System: A Framework for Teaching and the Teaching Brain , 2013 .

[3]  Alexis Kent,et al.  Synchronization as a Classroom Dynamic: A Practitioner's Perspective , 2013 .

[4]  S. Shimojo,et al.  Interpersonal body and neural synchronization as a marker of implicit social interaction , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[5]  S. Strauss,et al.  Teaching Is a Natural Cognitive Ability for Humans , 2012 .

[6]  Vanessa Rodríguez The Teaching Brain and the End of the Empty Vessel , 2012 .

[7]  Daniel A. Braun,et al.  A sensorimotor paradigm for Bayesian model selection , 2012, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[8]  S. Garrod,et al.  Brain-to-brain coupling: a mechanism for creating and sharing a social world , 2012, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[9]  U. Alon,et al.  The mirror game as a paradigm for studying the dynamics of two people improvising motion together , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[10]  Laura Astolfi,et al.  Defecting or Not Defecting: How to “Read” Human Behavior during Cooperative Games by EEG Measurements , 2010, PloS one.

[11]  Line Garnero,et al.  Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction , 2010, PloS one.

[12]  Chad E. Forbes,et al.  The role of the human prefrontal cortex in social cognition and moral judgment. , 2010, Annual review of neuroscience.

[13]  G. Knyazev,et al.  Event-related delta and theta synchronization during explicit and implicit emotion processing , 2009, Neuroscience.

[14]  Michael J. Hove,et al.  It's all in the timing: Interpersonal synchrony increases affiliation , 2009 .

[15]  C. Macrae,et al.  The rhythm of rapport: Interpersonal synchrony and social perception , 2009 .

[16]  Shu-Chen Li,et al.  Brains swinging in concert: cortical phase synchronization while playing guitar , 2009, BMC Neuroscience.

[17]  M. Tomasello,et al.  Joint drumming: social context facilitates synchronization in preschool children. , 2009, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[18]  Katsumi Watanabe,et al.  Behavioral speed contagion: Automatic modulation of movement timing by observation of body movements , 2008, Cognition.

[19]  J. Decety,et al.  The Role of the Right Temporoparietal Junction in Social Interaction: How Low-Level Computational Processes Contribute to Meta-Cognition , 2007, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[20]  C. Keysers,et al.  Integrating simulation and theory of mind: from self to social cognition , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[21]  Matthew D. Lieberman,et al.  Integrating automatic and controlled processes into neurocognitive models of social cognition , 2006, Brain Research.

[22]  Jordan Grafman,et al.  Politics on the brain: An fMRI investigation , 2006, Social neuroscience.

[23]  H. Bekkering,et al.  Joint action: bodies and minds moving together , 2006, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[24]  M. Giese,et al.  Nonvisual Motor Training Influences Biological Motion Perception , 2006, Current Biology.

[25]  P. Fries A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence , 2005, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[26]  Randolph Blake,et al.  Eccentric perception of biological motion is unscalably poor , 2005, Vision Research.

[27]  G. Knoblich,et al.  The case for motor involvement in perceiving conspecifics. , 2005, Psychological bulletin.

[28]  P. Read Montague,et al.  Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two-Person Economic Exchange , 2005, Science.

[29]  L. Craighero,et al.  Human motor cortex excitability during the perception of others’ action , 2005, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[30]  C. Heyes,et al.  Experience modulates automatic imitation. , 2005, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[31]  Samuel M. McClure,et al.  Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks , 2004, Neuron.

[32]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  The mirror-neuron system. , 2004, Annual review of neuroscience.

[33]  Matthew D. Lieberman,et al.  Watching social interactions produces dorsomedial prefrontal and medial parietal BOLD fMRI signal increases compared to a resting baseline , 2004, NeuroImage.

[34]  K. Doya,et al.  A unifying computational framework for motor control and social interaction. , 2003, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[35]  T. Poggio,et al.  Cognitive neuroscience: Neural mechanisms for the recognition of biological movements , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[36]  Luciano Fadiga,et al.  Hand action preparation influences the responses to hand pictures , 2002, Neuropsychologia.

[37]  A. Smit,et al.  Synapse Formation between Central Neurons Requires Postsynaptic Expression of the MEN1 Tumor Suppressor Gene , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[38]  J. Decety,et al.  From the perception of action to the understanding of intention , 2001, Nature reviews. Neuroscience.

[39]  J. Grafman,et al.  Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Lesions in Humans Eliminate Implicit Gender Stereotyping , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[40]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Phase-specific modulation of cortical motor output during movement observation , 2001, Neuroreport.

[41]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study , 2001, The European journal of neuroscience.

[42]  J. Kelso,et al.  Cortical coordination dynamics and cognition , 2001, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[43]  G Aschersleben,et al.  Correspondence effects with manual gestures and postures: a study of imitation. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[44]  K. Verfaillie Perceiving Human Locomotion: Priming Effects in Direction Discrimination , 2000, Brain and Cognition.

[45]  R. Blake,et al.  Brain Areas Involved in Perception of Biological Motion , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[46]  Z. Néda,et al.  Self-organizing processes: The sound of many hands clapping , 2000, Nature.

[47]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. , 1999, Science.

[48]  F. L. D. Silva,et al.  Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles , 1999, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[49]  T. Chartrand,et al.  The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior link and social interaction. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[50]  M. Shiffrar,et al.  The visual perception of human locomotion. , 1998, Cognitive neuropsychology.

[51]  W. Prinz Perception and Action Planning , 1997 .

[52]  J. Bargh,et al.  Automaticity of social behavior: direct effects of trait construct and stereotype-activation on action. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[53]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. , 1996, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[54]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[55]  M. Jeannerod The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery , 1994, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[56]  Frank J. Bernieri,et al.  Coordinated movement and rapport in teacher-student interactions , 1988 .

[57]  M. LaFrance Nonverbal synchrony and rapport: Analysis by the cross-lag panel technique. , 1979 .

[58]  W. S. Condon,et al.  Neonate Movement Is Synchronized with Adult Speech: Interactional Participation and Language Acquisition , 1974, Science.

[59]  G. Johansson Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis , 1973 .

[60]  Michael J. Richardson,et al.  Dynamics of Interpersonal Coordination , 2008 .

[61]  J. Kelso,et al.  From the Cover : The phi complex as a neuromarker of human social coordination , 2007 .

[62]  B. Mesquita,et al.  Social cognitive neuroscience: a review of core processes. , 2007, Annual review of psychology.

[63]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[64]  W. Prinz,et al.  Movement observation affects movement execution in a simple response task. , 2001, Acta psychologica.

[65]  Mukesh Dhamala,et al.  Hyperscanning : Simultaneous fMRI during Linked Social Interactions , 2001 .

[66]  Alexander von Eye,et al.  Origins of infant-mother attachment: An examination of interactional synchrony during the infant's first year. , 1989 .

[67]  C. L. Hull Applied aspects of social psychology. , 1916 .

[68]  CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE The Social Nature of Perception and Action , 2022 .