Layered transition metal dichalcogenide/carbon nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications.

Layered transition metal dichalcogenide (LTMD)/carbon nanocomposites obtained by incorporating conductive carbons such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CF), hybrid carbons, hollow carbons, and porous carbons exhibit superior electrochemical properties for energy storage and conversion. Due to the incorporation of carbon into composites, the LTMD/carbon nanocomposites have the following advantages: (1) highly efficient ion/electron transport properties that promote electrochemical performance; (2) suppressed agglomeration and restacking of active materials that improve the cycling performance and electrocatalytic stability; and (3) unique structures such as network, hollow, porous, and vertically aligned nanocomposites that facilitate the shortening of the ion and electrolyte diffusion pathway. In this context, this review introduces and summarizes the recent advances in LTMD/carbon nanocomposites for electrochemical energy-related applications. First, we briefly summarize the reported synthesis strategies for the preparation of LTMD/carbon nanocomposites with various carbon materials. Following this, previous studies using rationally synthesized nanocomposites are discussed based on a variety of applications related to electrochemical energy storage and conversion including Li/Na-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs), Li-S batteries, supercapacitors, and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In particular, the sections on LIBs and the HER as representative applications of LTMD/carbon nanocomposites are described in detail by classifying them with different carbon materials containing graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, hybrid carbons, hollow carbons, and porous carbons. In addition, we suggest a new material design of LTMD/carbon nanocomposites based on theoretical calculations. At the end of this review, we provide an outlook on the challenges and future developments in LTMD/carbon nanocomposite research.

[1]  G. Diao,et al.  Filling few-layer ReS2 in hollow mesoporous carbon spheres for boosted lithium/sodium storage properties , 2020 .

[2]  Haotian Wang,et al.  Nanosized MoSe2@Carbon Matrix: A Stable Host Material for the Highly Reversible Storage of Potassium and Aluminum Ions. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[3]  Dongfei Sun,et al.  3D Interconnected Porous Graphitic Carbon@MoS2 Anchored on Carbonized Cotton Cloth as an Anode for Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance , 2019, Electrochimica Acta.

[4]  Zhi Yang,et al.  MoS2 quantum dots decorated reduced graphene oxide as a sulfur host for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries , 2019 .

[5]  Bo Chen,et al.  Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide‐Based Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage , 2019, Advanced materials.

[6]  W. Chu,et al.  Encapsulating Carbon‐Coated MoS2 Nanosheets within a Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Network for High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Storage , 2019, Advanced Materials Interfaces.

[7]  Lingna Sun,et al.  Ultra small few layer MoS2 embedded into three-dimensional macro-micro-mesoporous carbon as a high performance lithium ion batteries anode with superior lithium storage capacity , 2019, Electrochimica Acta.

[8]  Su Seong Lee,et al.  Controlled synthesis of transition metal disulfides (MoS2 and WS2) on carbon fibers: Effects of phase and morphology toward lithium–sulfur battery performance , 2019, Applied Materials Today.

[9]  Junwei Zhang,et al.  Synthesis of three-dimensional free-standing WSe2/C hybrid nanofibers as anodes for high-capacity lithium/sodium ion batteries , 2019, Journal of Materials Chemistry A.

[10]  Bin Yuan,et al.  Confinement-enhanced Rapid Interlayer Diffusion within Graphene-supported Anisotropic ReSe2 Electrodes. , 2019, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[11]  Fangxi Xie,et al.  1T′‐ReS2 Confined in 2D‐Honeycombed Carbon Nanosheets as New Anode Materials for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2019, Advanced Energy Materials.

[12]  Shaojun Guo,et al.  A 3D Trilayered CNT/MoSe2/C Heterostructure with an Expanded MoSe2 Interlayer Spacing for an Efficient Sodium Storage , 2019, Advanced Energy Materials.

[13]  H. Yang,et al.  Rhenium disulfide nanosheets/carbon composite as novel anodes for high-rate and long lifespan sodium-ion batteries , 2019, Nano Energy.

[14]  Yeonwoong Jung,et al.  Recent trends in transition metal dichalcogenide based supercapacitor electrodes , 2019, Nanoscale Horizons.

[15]  Qiyuan He,et al.  Strong Charge Transfer at 2H-1T Phase Boundary of MoS2 for Superb High-Performance Energy Storage. , 2019, Small.

[16]  K. Amine,et al.  Sub-5 nm edge-rich 1T′-ReSe2 as bifunctional materials for hydrogen evolution and sodium-ion storage , 2019, Nano Energy.

[17]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  A review of graphene-based 3D van der Waals hybrids and their energy applications , 2019, Nano Today.

[18]  Chengxin Peng,et al.  A polymer-direct-intercalation strategy for MoS2/carbon-derived heteroaerogels with ultrahigh pseudocapacitance , 2019, Nature Communications.

[19]  Gang Yang,et al.  Directly scalable preparation of sandwiched MoS2/graphene nanocomposites via ball-milling with excellent electrochemical energy storage performance , 2019, Electrochimica Acta.

[20]  Bo Jiang,et al.  Nanoarchitectonics for Transition‐Metal‐Sulfide‐Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting , 2019, Advanced materials.

[21]  Wenjie Zhu,et al.  Nanoconfined Construction of MoS2@C/MoS2 Core–Sheath Nanowires for Superior Rate and Durable Li-Ion Energy Storage , 2019, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

[22]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Freestanding 1T MoS2/graphene heterostructures as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for lithium polysulfides in Li–S batteries , 2019, Energy & Environmental Science.

[23]  Sheng Liu,et al.  Rational design of few-layered ReS2 nanosheets/N-doped mesoporous carbon nanocomposites for high-performance pseudocapacitive lithium storage , 2019, Chemical Engineering Journal.

[24]  Xiaoshuang Chen,et al.  Electrochemical Lithiation Mechanism of Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Anode Materials: Intercalation versus Conversion Reactions , 2019, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

[25]  Y. Hu,et al.  Synthesis, stabilization and applications of 2-dimensional 1T metallic MoS2 , 2018 .

[26]  K. Zaghib,et al.  New insight in the electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel electrode in water-in-salt electrolyte , 2018, Journal of Power Sources.

[27]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Layered transition metal dichalcogenide electrochemistry: journey across the periodic table. , 2018, Chemical Society reviews.

[28]  Nikhitha Joseph,et al.  Metallic 1T-MoS2 with defect induced additional active edges for high performance supercapacitor application , 2018 .

[29]  N. Kim,et al.  Recent advances in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides-graphene heterostructured materials for electrochemical applications , 2018, Progress in Materials Science.

[30]  Liang Tang,et al.  Recent Development of Metallic (1T) Phase of Molybdenum Disulfide for Energy Conversion and Storage , 2018 .

[31]  Zhiwei Liu,et al.  Multirole organic-induced scalable synthesis of a mesoporous MoS2-monolayer/carbon composite for high-performance lithium and potassium storage , 2018 .

[32]  H. Yang,et al.  3D carbon foam-supported WS2 nanosheets for cable-shaped flexible sodium ion batteries , 2018 .

[33]  Hongli Zhu,et al.  Ion Transport Nanotube Assembled with Vertically Aligned Metallic MoS2 for High Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2018 .

[34]  Shaojun Guo,et al.  Tunable Free-Standing Core-Shell CNT@MoSe2 Anode for Lithium Storage. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[35]  Ho Won Jang,et al.  Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Anion Vacancy of Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides: Ab Initio Computational Screening. , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[36]  L. Gu,et al.  Preparation of High‐Percentage 1T‐Phase Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanodots for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution , 2018, Advanced materials.

[37]  Xiulin Fan,et al.  Flexible ReS2 nanosheets/N-doped carbon nanofibers-based paper as a universal anode for alkali (Li, Na, K) ion battery , 2018 .

[38]  Z. Wen,et al.  Three-Dimensional Network Architecture with Hybrid Nanocarbon Composites Supporting Few-Layer MoS2 for Lithium and Sodium Storage. , 2018, ACS nano.

[39]  Qiang Zhang,et al.  3D Mesoporous van der Waals Heterostructures for Trifunctional Energy Electrocatalysis , 2018, Advanced materials.

[40]  B. Jena,et al.  MoS2 Quantum Dots as Efficient Catalyst Materials for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction , 2018 .

[41]  Lin-wang Wang,et al.  Electrochemical Reaction Mechanism of the MoS2 Electrode in a Lithium-Ion Cell Revealed by in Situ and Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. , 2018, Nano letters.

[42]  Hua Zhang,et al.  Three-Dimensional Architectures Constructed from Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion. , 2018, Angewandte Chemie.

[43]  Wenjun Zhang,et al.  Interlayer Nanoarchitectonics of Two‐Dimensional Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides Nanosheets for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications , 2017 .

[44]  Seung Geol Lee,et al.  Rational design of exfoliated 1T MoS2@CNT-based bifunctional separators for lithium sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[45]  Yufeng Zhang,et al.  A Clean and Facile Synthesis Strategy of MoS2 Nanosheets Grown on Multi-Wall CNTs for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[46]  G. Diao,et al.  Petal-like MoS2 Nanosheets Space-Confined in Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Spheres for Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance. , 2017, ACS nano.

[47]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Chemistry of Sputter-Deposited Lithium Sulfide Films. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[48]  Hyun‐Wook Lee,et al.  In Situ Observation and Electrochemical Study of Encapsulated Sulfur Nanoparticles by MoS2 Flakes. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[49]  Lijun Wang,et al.  Metallic 1T MoS2 nanosheet arrays vertically grown on activated carbon fiber cloth for enhanced Li-ion storage performance , 2017 .

[50]  W. Liu,et al.  High-Content Metallic 1T Phase in MoS2-Based Electrocatalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution , 2017 .

[51]  Guochun Li,et al.  Electrocatalysis of polysulfide conversion by sulfur-deficient MoS2 nanoflakes for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2017 .

[52]  Weiyu Xu,et al.  Stable 1T-MoSe2 and Carbon Nanotube Hybridized Flexible Film: Binder-Free and High-Performance Li-Ion Anode. , 2017, ACS nano.

[53]  H. Xie,et al.  Vertical 1T-MoS2 nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing edged on a graphene frame for high rate lithium-ion batteries. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[54]  Kai Yang,et al.  Bottom‐Up Preparation of Uniform Ultrathin Rhenium Disulfide Nanosheets for Image‐Guided Photothermal Radiotherapy , 2017 .

[55]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Electron-Doped 1T-MoS2 via Interface Engineering for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution , 2017 .

[56]  Jiang Li.  Facile Construction of MoS2/CNFs Hybrid Structure for a Hydrogen Evolution Reaction , 2017 .

[57]  Yanrong Li,et al.  Few-layered ReS2 nanosheets grown on carbon nanotubes: A highly efficient anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries , 2017 .

[58]  Deji Akinwande,et al.  Recent development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications , 2017 .

[59]  Y. Kang,et al.  MoSe2 Embedded CNT-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Microsphere with Superior Sodium Ion Storage and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performances. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[60]  Shouzhi Wang,et al.  Three-Dimensional MoS2 @CNT/RGO Network Composites for High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitors. , 2017, Chemistry.

[61]  S. Qiao,et al.  Advent of 2D Rhenium Disulfide (ReS2): Fundamentals to Applications , 2017 .

[62]  Jinqiu Zhou,et al.  A New Type of Multifunctional Polar Binder: Toward Practical Application of High Energy Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2017, Advanced materials.

[63]  Ling Zhang,et al.  3D Ordered Macroporous MoS2@C Nanostructure for Flexible Li‐Ion Batteries , 2017, Advanced materials.

[64]  B. Pan,et al.  Bionanofiber Assisted Decoration of Few-Layered MoSe2 Nanosheets on 3D Conductive Networks for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution. , 2017, Small.

[65]  Yingju Liu,et al.  Strongly coupled MoS2 nanoflake–carbon nanotube nanocomposite as an excellent electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction , 2017 .

[66]  J. Nah,et al.  Catalytic synergy effect of MoS2/reduced graphene oxide hybrids for a highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction , 2017 .

[67]  Weitao Yang,et al.  All The Catalytic Active Sites of MoS2 for Hydrogen Evolution. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[68]  Weidong He,et al.  From Metal-Organic Framework to Li2S@C-Co-N Nanoporous Architecture: A High-Capacity Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS nano.

[69]  S. Bianco,et al.  Mixed 1T-2H Phase MoS2/Reduced Graphene Oxide as Active Electrode for Enhanced Supercapacitive Performance. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[70]  Jinqing Wang,et al.  Facile construction of 3D graphene/MoS 2 composites as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors , 2016 .

[71]  D. Zhao,et al.  Synthesis of 2D‐Mesoporous‐Carbon/MoS2 Heterostructures with Well‐Defined Interfaces for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[72]  Yanrong Li,et al.  Interwoven WSe2/CNTs hybrid network: A highly efficient and stable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution , 2016 .

[73]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  MoSSe@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite heterostructures as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction , 2016 .

[74]  Sungjoo Lee,et al.  High‐Performance 2D Rhenium Disulfide (ReS2) Transistors and Photodetectors by Oxygen Plasma Treatment , 2016, Advanced materials.

[75]  Lu-Yin Lin,et al.  Highly efficient supercapacitor electrode with two-dimensional tungsten disulfide and reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets , 2016 .

[76]  Yafei Li,et al.  Molybdenum Disulfide/Nitrogen‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite with Enlarged Interlayer Spacing for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution , 2016 .

[77]  C. V. Singh,et al.  Vertically Oriented Arrays of ReS2 Nanosheets for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Electrocatalysis. , 2016, Nano letters.

[78]  R. Mendes,et al.  Extremely Weak van der Waals Coupling in Vertical ReS2 Nanowalls for High‐Current‐Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2016, Advanced materials.

[79]  Hao Liu,et al.  Potential Application of Metal Dichalcogenides Double-Layered Heterostructures as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries , 2016 .

[80]  Fucai Liu,et al.  Highly Sensitive Detection of Polarized Light Using Anisotropic 2D ReS2 , 2016 .

[81]  H. Zeng,et al.  Monolayer MoS2-Graphene Hybrid Aerogels with Controllable Porosity for Lithium-Ion Batteries with High Reversible Capacity. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[82]  Pooi See Lee,et al.  Self-Assembly-Induced Alternately Stacked Single-Layer MoS2 and N-doped Graphene: A Novel van der Waals Heterostructure for Lithium-Ion Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[83]  Jun He,et al.  Recent advances in transition-metal dichalcogenide based nanomaterials for water splitting. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[84]  Hongzheng Chen,et al.  Hierarchical architecture of WS2 nanosheets on graphene frameworks with enhanced electrochemical properties for lithium storage and hydrogen evolution , 2015 .

[85]  Y. Miao,et al.  A CNT@MoSe2 hybrid catalyst for efficient and stable hydrogen evolution. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[86]  Huakun Liu,et al.  Growth of MoS2@C nanobowls as a lithium-ion battery anode material , 2015 .

[87]  M. Pumera,et al.  Electrochemistry of Nanostructured Layered Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides. , 2015, Chemical reviews.

[88]  Yan Yu,et al.  MoS2–graphene nanosheet–CNT hybrids with excellent electrochemical performances for lithium-ion batteries , 2015 .

[89]  Yaoxin Hu,et al.  Nitrogen‐Doped Nanoporous Carbon/Graphene Nano‐Sandwiches: Synthesis and Application for Efficient Oxygen Reduction , 2015 .

[90]  Jingshan Luo,et al.  MoS2 architectures supported on graphene foam/carbon nanotube hybrid films: highly integrated frameworks with ideal contact for superior lithium storage , 2015 .

[91]  Peiyi Wu,et al.  Facile preparation of 3D MoS2/MoSe2 nanosheet–graphene networks as efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction , 2015 .

[92]  X. Lou,et al.  Ultrathin MoS₂ Nanosheets Supported on N-doped Carbon Nanoboxes with Enhanced Lithium Storage and Electrocatalytic Properties. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[93]  L. Mai,et al.  Three-Dimensional Crumpled Reduced Graphene Oxide/MoS2 Nanoflowers: A Stable Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[94]  Yanjie Hu,et al.  2D Monolayer MoS2–Carbon Interoverlapped Superstructure: Engineering Ideal Atomic Interface for Lithium Ion Storage , 2015, Advanced materials.

[95]  J. Tuček,et al.  Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures. , 2015, Chemical reviews.

[96]  Di Chen,et al.  Sheet-like MoSe2/C composites with enhanced Li-ion storage properties , 2015 .

[97]  Wei Zhou,et al.  Integrated digital inverters based on two-dimensional anisotropic ReS2 field-effect transistors , 2015, Nature Communications.

[98]  P. Zhou,et al.  ReS2‐Based Field‐Effect Transistors and Photodetectors , 2015, 1503.01902.

[99]  Yanguang Li,et al.  Ultrathin MoS2(1–x)Se2x Alloy Nanoflakes For Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction , 2015 .

[100]  B. Scrosati,et al.  The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage. , 2015, Nature materials.

[101]  Kuan-Hua Huang,et al.  Synthesis of lateral heterostructures of semiconducting atomic layers. , 2015, Nano letters.

[102]  S. Zhang,et al.  Growth of ultrathin MoS₂ nanosheets with expanded spacing of (002) plane on carbon nanotubes for high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[103]  Chris Yuan,et al.  Facile Synthesis of MoS2@CNT as an Effective Catalyst for Hydrogen Production in Microbial Electrolysis Cells , 2014 .

[104]  Jilei Liu,et al.  Self‐Assembly of Honeycomb‐like MoS2 Nanoarchitectures Anchored into Graphene Foam for Enhanced Lithium‐Ion Storage , 2014, Advanced materials.

[105]  Sen Xin,et al.  Carbon nanofibers decorated with molybdenum disulfide nanosheets: synergistic lithium storage and enhanced electrochemical performance. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[106]  Chaohe Xu,et al.  Heat-induced formation of porous and free-standing MoS2/GS hybrid electrodes for binder-free and ultralong-life lithium ion batteries , 2014 .

[107]  Xile Hu,et al.  Nanostructured hydrotreating catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[108]  M. Pumera,et al.  Electrochemistry of graphene and related materials. , 2014, Chemical reviews.

[109]  Hao Sun,et al.  Novel Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers for Efficient Wire‐Shaped Miniature Energy Devices , 2014, Advanced materials.

[110]  H. Shin,et al.  Recent advances in layered transition metal dichalcogenides for hydrogen evolution reaction , 2014 .

[111]  B. Tay,et al.  A binder-free CNT network-MoS2 composite as a high performance anode material in lithium ion batteries. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[112]  Sefaattin Tongay,et al.  Monolayer behaviour in bulk ReS2 due to electronic and vibrational decoupling , 2014, Nature Communications.

[113]  H. Shin,et al.  Two-dimensional hybrid nanosheets of tungsten disulfide and reduced graphene oxide as catalysts for enhanced hydrogen evolution. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[114]  Micheál D. Scanlon,et al.  MoS2 Formed on Mesoporous Graphene as a Highly Active Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution , 2013 .

[115]  Yue Ma,et al.  In situ nitrogenated graphene-few-layer WS2 composites for fast and reversible Li+ storage. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[116]  Jun Jiang,et al.  Nanostructured metal chalcogenides: synthesis, modification, and applications in energy conversion and storage devices. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[117]  Desheng Kong,et al.  Synthesis of MoS2 and MoSe2 films with vertically aligned layers. , 2013, Nano letters.

[118]  John B Goodenough,et al.  The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[119]  Jakob Kibsgaard,et al.  Engineering the surface structure of MoS2 to preferentially expose active edge sites for electrocatalysis. , 2012, Nature materials.

[120]  Jing Kong,et al.  van der Waals epitaxy of MoS₂ layers using graphene as growth templates. , 2012, Nano letters.

[121]  Lan Jiang,et al.  Facile Fabrication of Light, Flexible and Multifunctional Graphene Fibers , 2012, Advanced materials.

[122]  X. Lou,et al.  Facile synthesis of hierarchical MoS₂ microspheres composed of few-layered nanosheets and their lithium storage properties. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[123]  A. Okotrub,et al.  Charge Transfer in the MoS2/Carbon Nanotube Composite , 2011 .

[124]  Guosong Hong,et al.  MoS2 nanoparticles grown on graphene: an advanced catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[125]  Weixiang Chen,et al.  In situ synthesis of MoS2/graphene nanosheet composites with extraordinarily high electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[126]  Kang Xu,et al.  Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[127]  Tailin Wang,et al.  Enhanced reversible lithium ion storage in stable 1T@2H WS 2 nanosheet arrays anchored on carbon fiber , 2018 .

[128]  R. Hausbrand,et al.  XPS-Surface Analysis of SEI Layers on Li-Ion Cathodes: Part I. Investigation of Initial Surface Chemistry , 2018 .

[129]  Shun Mao,et al.  Perpendicularly oriented MoSe2 /graphene nanosheets as advanced electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. , 2015, Small.

[130]  Brian C. Olsen,et al.  Lithium ion battery applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocomposites , 2014 .