Introduction to the Kaikōura earthquake special issue

ABSTRACT The Kaikōura Earthquake ruptured a complex network of at least 20 faults in the northeastern South Island, with variable geometries, slip and slip rates. Ground shaking and surface fault rupture generated a tsunami, thousands of landslides, and many dammed rivers. The earthquake damaged farmland, buildings and infrastructure in the northeastern South Island and Wellington regions, closing critical transport networks for over a year. This special issue presents a collection of 12 papers on the earthquake. These papers cover a range of topics, including, the geometries and paleoearthquake histories of faults that ruptured, seismic hazards, the tsunami and coastal geomorphology, together with the societal impact and communication of the earthquake. They incorporate our understanding of the earthquake 5–6 years since it occurred. Despite an unprecedented amount of data and thousands of published papers referring to the earthquake, many key questions remain. These include: is the Hikurangi subduction interface capable of producing great earthquakes beneath the northeastern South Island? Why did the Hope Fault not accommodate significant slip in the earthquake? Has the earthquake changed the seismic hazard in central Aotearoa New Zealand? Addressing these questions will improve understanding of seismic processes and hazards helping to build resilience to future earthquakes.

[1]  R. Langridge,et al.  A time-dependent seismic hazard model following the Kaikōura M7.8 earthquake , 2023, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[2]  Nicholas A. Cradock-Henry,et al.  We’re all in this together? Community resilience and recovery in Kaikōura following the 2016 Kaikōura-Hurunui earthquake , 2023, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[3]  M. Stirling,et al.  Hundalee Fault, North Canterbury, New Zealand: late Quaternary activity and regional tectonics , 2022, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[4]  Emma E. H. Doyle,et al.  Communicating evacuation information to multi-storey apartment dwellers: a case study of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake in Te Whanganui-a-Tara (Wellington), Aotearoa New Zealand , 2022, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[5]  R. Langridge,et al.  Late Holocene earthquakes on the Papatea Fault and its role in past earthquake cycles, Marlborough, New Zealand , 2022, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[6]  M. Dickson,et al.  Changes in shore platform wetting and drying cycles following the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: Implications for incipient marine terrace evolution , 2022, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.

[7]  K. Norton,et al.  A revised paleoseismological record of late Holocene ruptures on the Kekerengu Fault following the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake , 2022, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[8]  K. Clark,et al.  Late Holocene coseismic uplift of the Kaikoōura coast, New Zealand , 2022, Geosphere.

[9]  O. Oncken,et al.  Uplift and fault slip during the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake and Late Quaternary, Kaikōura Peninsula, New Zealand , 2022, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[10]  Raphael I. Spiekermann,et al.  Detecting landslide-dammed lakes on Sentinel-2 imagery and monitoring their spatio-temporal evolution following the Kaikōura earthquake in New Zealand. , 2022, The Science of the total environment.

[11]  Sebastian J. Pitman,et al.  Geomorphic responses of uplifted mixed sand and gravel beaches: combining short-term observations from Kaikōura, New Zealand with longer-term evidence , 2021, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[12]  R. Langridge,et al.  Paleoseismicity of the western Humps fault on the Emu Plain, North Canterbury, New Zealand , 2021, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[13]  T. Wright,et al.  A snapshot of New Zealand's dynamic deformation field from Envisat InSAR and GNSS observations between 2003 and 2011 , 2021 .

[14]  C. Bloom,et al.  Distributed displacement on the Papatea fault from the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake and implications for hazard planning , 2021, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

[15]  K. Norton,et al.  Evaluating 9 m of near-surface transpressional displacement during the Mw 7.8 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: re-excavation of a pre-earthquake paleoseismic trench, Kekerengu Fault, New Zealand , 2021, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics.

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[17]  John Townend,et al.  Illuminating the Pre‐, Co‐, and Post‐Seismic Phases of the 2016 M7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake With 10 Years of Seismicity , 2021, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.

[18]  C. Massey,et al.  Landslides triggered by the MW7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: an update , 2020, Landslides.

[19]  O. Oncken,et al.  Using a calibrated upper living position of marine biota to calculate coseismic uplift: a case study of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand , 2020 .

[20]  I. Hamling A review of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: insights from the first 3 years , 2020 .

[21]  C. Humborg,et al.  Potential links between Baltic Sea submarine terraces and groundwater seeping , 2020, Earth Surface Dynamics.

[22]  K. Clark,et al.  Three‐Dimensional Surface Displacements During the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake (New Zealand) From Photogrammetry‐Derived Point Clouds , 2020, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.

[23]  James F. Dolan,et al.  Three‐Dimensional Surface Deformation in the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand, Earthquake From Optical Image Correlation: Implications for Strain Localization and Long‐Term Evolution of the Pacific‐Australian Plate Boundary , 2019, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.

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[25]  M. Moreno,et al.  Breaking a subduction-termination from top to bottom: The large 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand , 2018, Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

[26]  Wenbin Xu,et al.  Dynamic viability of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake cascade on weak crustal faults , 2018, Nature Communications.

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[31]  R. Dissen,et al.  Kekerengu Fault, New Zealand: Timing and Size of Late Holocene Surface RupturesKekerengu Fault, New Zealand: Timing and Size of Late Holocene Surface Ruptures , 2018 .

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