Gold nanorods as plasmonic nanotransducers: distance-dependent refractive index sensitivity.

Owing to the facile tunability of the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength (LSPR) and large refractive index sensitivity, gold nanorods (AuNR) are of high interest as plasmonic nanotransducers for label-free biological sensing. We investigate the influence of gold nanorod dimensions on distance-dependent LSPR sensitivity and electromagnetic (EM) decay length using electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of polyelectrolytes. The electromagnetic decay length was found to increase linearly with both nanorod length and diameter, although to variable degrees. The rate of EM decay length increase with nanorod diameter is significantly higher compared to that of the length, indicating that diameter is a convenient handle to tune the EM decay length of gold nanorods. The ability to precisely measure the EM decay length of nanostructures enables the rational selection of plasmonic nanotransducer dimensions for the particular biosensing application.

[1]  S. Singamaneni,et al.  Reversible tuning of plasmon coupling in gold nanoparticle chains using ultrathin responsive polymer film. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[2]  S. Maier,et al.  Plasmonics: Localization and guiding of electromagnetic energy in metal/dielectric structures , 2005 .

[3]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Simulation of the Optical Absorption Spectra of Gold Nanorods as a Function of Their Aspect Ratio and the Effect of the Medium Dielectric Constant , 1999 .

[4]  E. Ozbay.  Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions , 2006, Science.

[5]  Johannes Schmitt,et al.  Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly process: III. Consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on charged surfaces , 1992 .

[6]  D. Russell,et al.  Label-free biosensing with lipid-functionalized gold nanorods. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[7]  R. V. Van Duyne,et al.  A comparative analysis of localized and propagating surface plasmon resonance sensors: the binding of concanavalin a to a monosaccharide functionalized self-assembled monolayer. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  J. Hafner,et al.  A label-free immunoassay based upon localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanorods. , 2008, ACS nano.

[9]  Limei Tian,et al.  Freezing the self-assembly process of gold nanocrystals. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[10]  H. Möhwald,et al.  Influence of the Ionic Strength on the Polyelectrolyte Multilayers' Permeability , 2003 .

[11]  Joseph Irudayaraj,et al.  Gold nanorod probes for the detection of multiple pathogens. , 2008, Small.

[12]  C. Mosher,et al.  Microminiaturized immunoassays using atomic force microscopy and compositionally patterned antigen arrays. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[13]  V. Tsukruk,et al.  Probing Soft Matter with the Atomic Force Microscopies: Imaging and Force Spectroscopy , 2010 .

[14]  Sihai Chen,et al.  Plasmonic detection of a model analyte in serum by a gold nanorod sensor. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  Joseph Irudayaraj,et al.  Quantitative evaluation of sensitivity and selectivity of multiplex nanoSPR biosensor assays. , 2007, Biophysical journal.

[16]  George C Schatz,et al.  Localized surface plasmon resonance nanosensor: a high-resolution distance-dependence study using atomic layer deposition. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[17]  C. Murphy,et al.  Quantitation of metal content in the silver-assisted growth of gold nanorods. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[18]  M. McConney,et al.  Nanorod decorated nanowires as highly efficient SERS-active hybrids , 2011 .

[19]  George C. Schatz,et al.  A nanoscale optical biosensor: The long range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles , 2004 .

[20]  E. Zubarev,et al.  Functional Gold Nanorods: Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Sensing Applications , 2012, Advanced materials.

[21]  Hironobu Takahashi,et al.  Controlled release of plasmid DNA from gold nanorods induced by pulsed near-infrared light. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[22]  M. Käll,et al.  Sensing characteristics of NIR localized surface plasmon resonances in gold nanorings for application as ultrasensitive biosensors. , 2007, Nano letters.

[23]  Rostislav Bukasov,et al.  Probing the plasmonic near-field of gold nanocrescent antennas. , 2010, ACS nano.

[24]  Joseph Irudayaraj,et al.  Identity profiling of cell surface markers by multiplex gold nanorod probes. , 2007, Nano letters.

[25]  B. Liedberg,et al.  Principles of biosensing with an extended coupling matrix and surface plasmon resonance , 1993 .

[26]  S. Singamaneni,et al.  "Clicked" plasmonic core-satellites: covalently assembled gold nanoparticles. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[27]  A Paul Alivisatos,et al.  Calibration of dynamic molecular rulers based on plasmon coupling between gold nanoparticles. , 2005, Nano letters.

[28]  Darryl Y Sasaki,et al.  Biologically functional cationic phospholipid-gold nanoplasmonic carriers of RNA. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[29]  J. Hafner,et al.  Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. , 2011, Chemical reviews.

[30]  Xiaohua Huang,et al.  Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications , 2009, Advanced materials.

[31]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. , 2005, Chemical reviews.

[32]  G. Chumanov,et al.  Poly(Vinyl Pyridine) as a Universal Surface Modifier for Immobilization of Nanoparticles , 2002 .

[33]  Xiaodong Xia,et al.  A novel label-free multi-throughput optical biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[34]  Limei Tian,et al.  Hot Spot‐Localized Artificial Antibodies for Label‐Free Plasmonic Biosensing , 2013, Advanced functional materials.

[35]  R. V. Van Duyne,et al.  Detection of a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease from synthetic and clinical samples using a nanoscale optical biosensor. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  N. Jaffrezic‐Renault,et al.  Investigating antibody-antigen binding with atomic force microscopy , 2002 .

[37]  P. Hammond,et al.  Multicomponent Patterning of Layer‐by‐Layer Assembled Polyelectrolyte/Nanoparticle Composite Thin Films with Controlled Alignment , 2005 .

[38]  Gero Decher,et al.  Fuzzy Nanoassemblies: Toward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites , 1997 .

[39]  Weihai Ni,et al.  Tailoring longitudinal surface plasmon wavelengths, scattering and absorption cross sections of gold nanorods. , 2008, ACS nano.

[40]  S. Singamaneni,et al.  Plasmonic planet-satellite analogues: hierarchical self-assembly of gold nanostructures. , 2012, Nano letters.

[41]  Q. Gong,et al.  Anisotropic plasmonic sensing of individual or coupled gold nanorods , 2012, 2012 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).

[42]  Paul Mulvaney,et al.  Direct observation of chemical reactions on single gold nanocrystals using surface plasmon spectroscopy. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[43]  Alaaldin M. Alkilany,et al.  Gold nanorods: their potential for photothermal therapeutics and drug delivery, tempered by the complexity of their biological interactions. , 2012, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[44]  L. Lechuga,et al.  LSPR-based nanobiosensors , 2009 .

[45]  Adam Wax,et al.  Rational Selection of Gold Nanorod Geometry for Label-Free Plasmonic Biosensors , 2009, ACS nano.

[46]  Adam D. McFarland,et al.  A Nanoscale Optical Biosensor: Real-Time Immunoassay in Physiological Buffer Enabled by Improved Nanoparticle Adhesion , 2003 .

[47]  Milan Mrksich,et al.  A conformation- and ion-sensitive plasmonic biosensor. , 2011, Nano letters.

[48]  Mostafa A. El-Sayed,et al.  The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[49]  Paul Mulvaney,et al.  Electrochemical charging of single gold nanorods. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[50]  Binghai Yan,et al.  Comment on: Simulation of the optical absorption spectra of gold nanorods as a function of their aspect ratio and the effect of the medium dielectricconstant by Link S. et al. , 2003 .

[51]  Jeffrey N. Anker,et al.  Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors. , 2008, Nature materials.

[52]  R. Gans,et al.  Über die Form ultramikroskopischer Silberteilchen , 1915 .

[53]  Jeffrey N. Anker,et al.  Gas sensing with high-resolution localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[54]  Limei Tian,et al.  Bioplasmonic paper as a platform for detection of kidney cancer biomarkers. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[55]  P. Pellegrino,et al.  Highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates based on filter paper loaded with plasmonic nanostructures. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[56]  K. Leong,et al.  Multifunctional nanorods for gene delivery , 2003, Nature materials.

[57]  Limei Tian,et al.  Paper-based SERS swab for rapid trace detection on real-world surfaces. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[58]  R. V. Van Duyne,et al.  A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver nanoparticles. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[59]  M. Pileni,et al.  Optical properties of gold nanorods: DDA simulations supported by experiments. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[60]  Chen-Yuan Dong,et al.  Multiple release kinetics of targeted drug from gold nanorod embedded polyelectrolyte conjugates induced by near-infrared laser irradiation. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[61]  A. Vaskevich,et al.  Sensitivity and optimization of localized surface plasmon resonance transducers. , 2011, ACS nano.

[62]  T. Chinowsky,et al.  Quantitative interpretation of the response of surface plasmon resonance sensors to adsorbed films , 1998 .

[63]  Christian Joachim,et al.  The physics of the near-field , 2000 .

[64]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Dependence of the enhanced optical scattering efficiency relative to that of absorption for gold metal nanorods on aspect ratio, size, end-cap shape, and medium refractive index. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[65]  J. Schlenoff,et al.  Swelling and Smoothing of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers by Salt , 2001 .

[66]  R. V. Van Duyne,et al.  Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and sensing. , 2007, Annual review of physical chemistry.