Eye Tracking in Infancy Research

The current review offers a unique introduction to the use of corneal reflection eye tracking in infancy research. We provide a detailed description of how to calibrate, collect, and analyze infants' gaze in a series of experimental paradigms, focusing specifically on the analysis of visual tracking, point of gaze, and the latency of gaze shifts (prediction and reactive gaze shifts). The article ends with a critical discussion about the pros and cons of corneal reflection eye tracking.

[1]  C. Von Hofsten,et al.  Predictive tracking over occlusions by 4-month-old infants. , 2007, Developmental science.

[2]  Claes von Hofsten,et al.  From action to cognition , 2007 .

[3]  Rebekka Lencer,et al.  Eye movements and psychiatric disease , 2004, Current opinion in neurology.

[4]  Canan Karatekin,et al.  Eye tracking studies of normative and atypical development , 2007 .

[5]  P. Salapatek,et al.  Visual scanning of triangles by the human newborn. , 1966, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[6]  C. Hofsten,et al.  Infants predict other people's action goals , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[7]  Pedro Diz,et al.  Children with autism. , 2011, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[8]  H. Collewijn,et al.  Human smooth and saccadic eye movements during voluntary pursuit of different target motions on different backgrounds. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[9]  J. Richards,et al.  Infant attention and the development of smooth pursuit tracking. , 1999, Developmental psychology.

[10]  R. Aslin What's in a look? , 2007, Developmental science.

[11]  Scott P. Johnson,et al.  Selection and inhibition in infancy: evidence from the spatial negative priming paradigm , 2005, Cognition.

[12]  Olga Kochukhova,et al.  Learning about occlusion: Initial assumptions and rapid adjustments , 2007, Cognition.

[13]  R. Johansson,et al.  Eye–Hand Coordination in Object Manipulation , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[14]  Scott P. Johnson,et al.  Development of object concepts in infancy: Evidence for early learning in an eye-tracking paradigm , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  Claes von Hofsten,et al.  Developmental asymmetries between horizontal and vertical tracking , 2006, Vision Research.

[16]  R. Johansson,et al.  Action plans used in action observation , 2003, Nature.

[17]  Richard N. Aslin,et al.  Saccadic localization of visual targets by the very young human infant , 1975 .

[18]  Claes von Hofsten,et al.  Development of gaze tracking of small and large objects , 2002, Experimental Brain Research.

[19]  C. Von Hofsten,et al.  Action type and goal type modulate goal-directed gaze shifts in 14-month-old infants. , 2009, Developmental psychology.

[20]  R. Baillargeon Infants' reasoning about hidden objects: evidence for event-general and event-specific expectations. , 2004, Developmental science.

[21]  C. Hofsten,et al.  12-Month-Old Infants' Perception of Attention Direction in Static Video Images , 2005 .

[22]  E. J. Tehovnik,et al.  Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates , 2000, Brain Research Reviews.

[23]  Janette Atkinson,et al.  The Developing Visual Brain , 2000 .

[24]  C. Hofsten,et al.  The development of reactive saccade latencies , 2006, Experimental Brain Research.

[25]  Scott P. Johnson Development of Perceptual Completion in Infancy , 2004, Psychological science.

[26]  R. Leigh,et al.  The neurology of eye movements , 1984 .

[27]  Scott P Johnson,et al.  Learning and memory facilitate predictive tracking in 4-month-olds. , 2009, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[28]  Scott P. Johnson,et al.  Development of Visual Selection in 3- to 9-Month-Olds: Evidence From Saccades to Previously Ignored Locations. , 2008, Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies.

[29]  C. Von Hofsten,et al.  Infants' Evolving Representations of Object Motion During Occlusion: A Longitudinal Study of 6- to 12-Month-Old Infants. , 2004, Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies.

[30]  G. Csibra,et al.  Gaze Following in Human Infants Depends on Communicative Signals , 2008, Current Biology.

[31]  Scott P. Johnson,et al.  Learning by selection: visual search and object perception in young infants. , 2006, Developmental psychology.

[32]  S. Hunnius,et al.  Developmental Changes in Visual Scanning of Dynamic Faces and Abstract Stimuli in Infants: A Longitudinal Study. , 2004, Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies.

[33]  Ben Kenward,et al.  The Microstructure of Infants' Gaze as They View Adult Shifts in Overt Attention , 2008 .

[34]  Scott P. Johnson,et al.  Where Infants Look Determines How They See: Eye Movements and Object Perception Performance in 3-Month-Olds. , 2004, Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies.

[35]  K. Velanova,et al.  Development of eye-movement control , 2008, Brain and Cognition.

[36]  Michael C. Frank,et al.  Development of perceptual completion originates in information acquisition. , 2008, Developmental psychology.

[37]  C. Hofsten,et al.  How children with autism look at events , 2009 .

[38]  R L FANTZ,et al.  The origin of form perception. , 1961, Scientific American.

[39]  C. Von Hofsten,et al.  Taking an action perspective on infant's object representations. , 2007, Progress in brain research.

[40]  R. Aslin,et al.  Anticipatory Eye Movements Reveal Infants' Auditory and Visual Categories. , 2004, Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies.

[41]  James O. Phillips,et al.  Smooth pursuit in 1- to 4-month-old human infants , 1997, Vision Research.

[42]  C. Hofsten,et al.  Development of smooth pursuit tracking in young infants , 1997, Vision Research.

[43]  Claes von Hofsten,et al.  The development of two-dimensional tracking: a longitudinal study of circular pursuit , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[44]  K C Engel,et al.  Oculomotor tracking in two dimensions. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[45]  M. Haith,et al.  Infrared television recording and measurement of ocular behavior in the human infant. , 1969, The American psychologist.

[46]  K. Rosander,et al.  The development of gaze control and predictive tracking in young infants , 1996, Vision Research.

[47]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  The mirror-neuron system. , 2004, Annual review of neuroscience.

[48]  L R Young,et al.  Eye-movement measurement techniques. , 1975, The American psychologist.

[49]  E. Spelke,et al.  Early knowledge of object motion: continuity and inertia , 1994, Cognition.

[50]  N. Shimizu [Neurology of eye movements]. , 2000, Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology.

[51]  K. Rosander Visual tracking and its relationship to cortical development. , 2007, Progress in brain research.

[52]  K. Snow,et al.  Information processing through the first year of life: a longitudinal study using the visual expectation paradigm. , 2000, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.

[53]  C. Hofsten,et al.  Infants' emerging ability to represent occluded object motion , 2004, Cognition.

[54]  D. F. Fisher,et al.  Eye movements : cognition and visual perception , 1982 .