Survey of optical instruments

Volume 4: Survey of Optical Instruments. Preface. Introduction. 36 Human Eye. 36.1 Introduction. 36.2 Optical System of the Eye. 36.3 Photometry and Adaptation. 36.4 Schematic Optical Models of the Eye. 36.5 Color Vision. 36.6 Optical Performance of the Eye. 36.7 Binocular Vision. 36.8 Eye Defects. 36.9 Correction of Eye Aberrations. 36.10 Literature. 37 Eyepieces. 37.1 Introduction. 37.2 Eyepiece Design Considerations. 37.3 Evolution of Eyepieces. 37.4 Single-lens Eyepiece (Loupe). 37.5 Two-lens Eyepieces. 37.6 Solid Eyepieces. 37.7 Orthoscopic Eyepieces. 37.8 Achromatic and Medium-field Eyepieces. 37.9 Wide-field Eyepieces. 37.10 Compensating Eyepieces. 37.11 Zoom Eyepieces. 37.12 Terrestrial Eyepiece. 37.13 Exotic Eyepieces. 37.14 Microscope Eyepieces. 37.15 Eyepiece Design Data. 37.16 Literature. 38 Elementary Systems. 38.1 Introduction. 38.2 Magnifier Lenses. 38.3 Data Disk and Pick-up Lenses. 38.4 Plastic Optics. 38.5 Objective Lenses for Focusing and Collimation. 38.6 Mangin Mirror. 38.7 Offner System. 38.8 Dyson System. 38.9 Retroreflecting Systems. 38.10 Telecentric Systems. 38.11 Beam Delivery Systems. 38.12 Literature. 39 Photographic Lenses. 39.1 Introduction. 39.2 Singlets. 39.3 Petzval Lenses. 39.4 Symmetrical Doublets. 39.5 Quasi-symmetrical Doublets. 39.6 Triplet Lenses. 39.7 Quadruplet Lenses. 39.8 Quasi-symmetrical Wide-angle Systems. 39.9 Less Symmetrical Lenses. 39.10 Wide-angle Retrofocus Lenses. 39.11 Extremely Wide-angle or Fish-eye Lenses. 39.12 Telephoto Lenses. 39.13 Special Systems. 39.14 Special Aspects of Camera Lenses. 39.14.1 Vignetting. 39.15 Literature. 40 Infrared Systems. 40.1 Introduction. 40.2 Special Aspects of Infrared Imaging. 40.3 Basic Infrared Imaging Systems. 40.4 Special Characteristics of Infrared Systems. 40.5 Advanced Infrared Imaging Systems. 40.6 Literature. 41 Zoom Systems. 41.1 Introduction. 41.2 Mechanically Compensated Zoom Systems. 41.3 Optically Compensated Zoom Systems. 41.4 Correction of Zoom Systems. 41.5 Example Systems. 41.6 Special Aspects. 41.7 Literature. 42 Microscope Optics. 42.1 Introduction. 42.2 Objective Lenses. 42.3 Microscopic Imaging System. 42.4 Illumination Optic. 42.5 Stereo Microscope. 42.6 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopes. 42.7 Special Aspects. 42.8 Literature. 43 Telescopes. 43.1 Introduction. 43.2 Refracting Telescopes. 43.3 Reflecting Telescopes. 43.4 Single-mirror Reflecting Telescopes. 43.5 Two-mirror Reflecting Telescopes. 43.6 Three-mirror Reflection Telescopes. 43.7 Other Three- and Four-mirror Reflecting Telescopes. 43.8 Two-mirror Schiefspiegler (Oblique Reflector) Telescopes. 43.9 Three-mirror Schiefspiegler Telescopes. 43.10 Four-mirror Schiefspiegler. 43.11 Three-mirror Off-axis Anastigmats (TMA). 43.12 Two-axis Telescopes. 43.13 Catadioptric Telescopes. 43.14 Catadioptric Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescopes. 43.15 Telescopes with Field Correctors. 43.16 The Effects of Aperture Obscuration. 43.17 Telescope Design Prescriptions. 43.18 Literature. 44 Lithographic Projection Lenses. 44.1 Introduction. 44.2 Physical Optics Aspects. 44.3 Performance of Lithographic Lenses. 44.4 Evolution of Lithographic Lens Systems. 44.5 Examples of Lithographic Systems. 44.6 Literature. 45 Miscellaneous System Types. 45.1 Relay Systems. 45.2 Scan Systems. 45.3 Projection Systems. 45.4 Interferometer Lenses. 45.5 Autofocus Systems. 45.6 Spectroscopic Systems. 45.7 Literature. Index.