Mobile learning of vocabulary from reading novels: a comparison of three modes

A controlled study of vocabulary learning from reading compared three types of mobile technology: paper books, ebooks with dictionaries, and e-books with adaptive software for vocabulary learning. The results showed small English vocabulary gains among Japanese students for all three conditions, with no significant difference between the technologies. The students reported that they found the paper book easy to use and annotate, but that the mobile devices enabled them to quickly look up the meanings of words. The additional functions of the adaptive device were only used by a few students. Recommendations are made for further research and design. Author

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