In 1993 the Health Education Authority published "The effectiveness of health promotion interventions: a literature review". This is an updated literature review which considers new studies available since then and demonstrates where there is sufficient evidence to merit immediate action in injury prevention. The chapter on the road environment considers: (1) the scale of the problem; (2) prevention; (3) environmental modification of roads; (4) road safety education aimed at the driver; (5) road safety education aimed at the child; (6) cycle helmets; (7) use of restraints - car occupants. Tables at the back of the report list the studies which have been reviewed under each topic, with key results and quality of evidence and effectiveness.