ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM BREVE. I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1, 2, 3

Gymnodimium breve Davis, an unarmored marine dinoflagellate has a cell covering (theca) composed of four membranes. The inner two membranes represent a vesicular layer and in tangential section, the theca appears composed of polygonal areas. Unusual threat ridges are located in the cingular region between the epi‐ and hypocone. This osmotically sensitive species is extremely vesiculate with dispersed areas of cytoplasm containing typical eukaryotic organelles as well as other organelles found only in dinoflagellates. The non‐vesiculated cytoplasm is continuous in serial sections. The chloroplasts can contain either quasi‐radial or parallel lamellae typically consisting of three thylakoids each. The pyrenoid is multiple‐stalked and lacks a starch cap. The dinophycean pusule is simple and similar to those found in several unarmored marine species. The nucleus is typically dinophycean but the chromosomes appear to lack nonfibrillar material.

[1]  S. W. Jeffrey,et al.  EFFECT OF BLUE‐GREEN LIGHT ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE IN UNICELLULAR MARINE ALGAE FROM SIX CLASSES 1 , 1977 .

[2]  B. Sweeney,et al.  Scanning electron microscopic observations of the flagellar structure of Gymnodinium splendens (Pyrrophyta, Dinophyceae) , 1977 .

[3]  S. W. Jeffrey,et al.  FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A MEMBRANE‐BOUND ENDOSYMBIONT WITHIN THE DINOFLAGELLATE PERIDINIUM FOLIACEUM 1 , 1976 .

[4]  A. R. Loeblich.  Dinoflagellate evolution: speculation and evidence. , 1976, The Journal of protozoology.

[5]  S. W. Jeffrey,et al.  CHLOROPLAST PIGMENT PATTERNS IN DINOFLAGELLATES 1 , 1975 .

[6]  J. Dodge.  A survey of chloroplast ultrastructure in the Dinophyceae , 1975 .

[7]  F. Taylor.  Non-helical transverse flagella in dinoflagellates , 1975 .

[8]  R. Wetherbee.  The fine structure of Ceratium tripos, a marine armored dinoflagellate. I. The cell covering (theca). , 1975, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[9]  J. Dodge.  A Redescription of the Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium Simplex with the Aid of Electron Microscopy , 1974, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[10]  R. Tomas,et al.  OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYMBIOSIS OF PERIDINIUM BALTICUM AND ITS INTRACELLULAR ALGA. I. ULTRASTRUCTURE 1, 2 , 1973 .

[11]  O. Haapala,et al.  Structure of dinoflagellate chromosomes. , 1973, Nature: New biology.

[12]  K. J. Clarke,et al.  Flagellar scales in Oxyrrhis marina Dujardin , 1972 .

[13]  P. Heywood.  Structure and origin of flagellar hairs in Vacuolaria virescens. , 1972, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[14]  T. Bisalputra,et al.  Peridinium trochoideum: the fine structure of the thecal plates and associated membranes. , 1971, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[15]  R. Crawford,et al.  A survey of thecal fine structure in the Dinophyceae , 1970 .

[16]  J. D. Dodge,et al.  THE FINE STRUCTURE OF GYMNODINIUM FUSCUM (DINOPHYCEAE) , 1969 .

[17]  A. Spurr.  A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. , 1969, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[18]  B. Leadbeater,et al.  An electron microscope study of dinoflagellate flagella. , 1967, Journal of general microbiology.

[19]  W. B. Wilson,et al.  THE TOXICITY OF GONYAULAX MONILATA HOWELL TO MUGIL CEPHALUS , 1960 .