Acute effects of UVR on human eyes and skin.

Solar UVR ( approximately 295-400 nm) has acute clinical effects on the eyes and the skin. The only effect on the eye is inflammation of the cornea (photokeratitis), which is caused by UVB (and non-solar UVC) and resolves without long-term consequences within 48 h. The effects on the skin are more extensive and include sunburn (inflammation), tanning and immunosuppression for which UVB is mainly responsible. Tanning is modestly photoprotective against further acute UVR damage. Skin colour is also transiently changed by UVA-dependent immediate pigment darkening, the function of which is unknown. Skin type determines sensitivity to the acute and chronic effects of UVR on the skin. Some of the photochemical events that initiate acute effects are also related to skin cancer. Solar UVB is also responsible for the synthesis of vitamin D.

[1]  C. Potten,et al.  The detection of cyclobutane thymine dimers, (6-4) photolesions and the Dewar photoisomers in sections of UV-irradiated human skin using specific antibodies, and the demonstration of depth penetration effects. , 1995, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[2]  C. Potten,et al.  The similarity of action spectra for thymine dimers in human epidermis and erythema suggests that DNA is the chromophore for erythema. , 1998, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[3]  N. Gibbs,et al.  An action spectrum for the production of cis-urocanic acid in human skin in vivo. , 2005, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[4]  C. Potten,et al.  Repeated ultraviolet exposure affords the same protection against DNA photodamage and erythema in human skin types II and IV but is associated with faster DNA repair in skin type IV. , 2002, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[5]  A. Young,et al.  Melanogenesis: a photoprotective response to DNA damage? , 2005, Mutation research.

[6]  J. Hawk,et al.  The presence of neutrophils in human cutaneous ultraviolet‐B inflammation , 1988, The British journal of dermatology.

[7]  G. Monfrecola,et al.  Phaeomelanin versus eumelanin as a chemical indicator of ultraviolet sensitivity in fair-skinned subjects at high risk for melanoma: a pilot study , 1998, Melanoma research.

[8]  G. J. Johnson,et al.  The environment and the eye , 2004, Eye.

[9]  A. Young,et al.  The sunburn cell revisited: an update on mechanistic aspects , 2002, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[10]  M. Norval,et al.  Studies to determine the immunomodulating effects of cis-urocanic acid. , 2002, Methods.

[11]  R. Guy,et al.  LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY TO QUANTIFY UV‐B INDUCED INCREASE IN HUMAN SKIN BLOOD FLOW , 1985, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[12]  A. Young,et al.  Chromophores in human skin. , 1997, Physics in medicine and biology.

[13]  A. Fourtanier,et al.  High ultraviolet A protection affords greater immune protection confirming that ultraviolet A contributes to photoimmunosuppression in humans. , 2003, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[14]  C. Griffiths,et al.  Cytokines and Langerhans cell mobilisation in mouse and man. , 2005, Cytokine.

[15]  D. Whiteman,et al.  Determinants of melanocyte density in adult human skin , 1999, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[16]  H. Kerl,et al.  Immune protection factors of chemical sunscreens measured in the local contact hypersensitivity model in humans. , 2003, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[17]  K. Wakamatsu,et al.  Pheomelanin as well as eumelanin is present in human epidermis. , 1991, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[18]  S. Ullrich.  PHOTOIMMUNE SUPPRESSION AND PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS , 2002 .

[19]  C. Routaboul,et al.  Immediate pigment darkening: description, kinetic and biological function. , 1999, European journal of dermatology : EJD.

[20]  C. Potten,et al.  The in situ repair kinetics of epidermal thymine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts in human skin types I and II. , 1996, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[21]  K. Wittern,et al.  Induction of mRNA for Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1 in Human Skin in vivo by Solar Simulated Radiation¶ , 2001, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[22]  S L Walker,et al.  Suppressed alloantigen presentation, increased TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-1Ra, IL-10, and modulation of TNF-R in UV-irradiated human skin. , 1999, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[23]  M. Caswell.  The kinetics of the tanning response to tanning bed exposures , 2000, Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine.

[24]  G. Halliday,et al.  Measurement of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of recall contact and delayed-type hypersensitivity in humans. , 2002, Methods.

[25]  J. V. D. van den Berg,et al.  Susceptibility to effects of UVB radiation on induction of contact hypersensitivity as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans. , 1990, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[26]  S. Walker,et al.  Effects of solar‐simulated radiation dose fractionation on CD1a+ Langerhans cells and CD11b+ macrophages in human skin , 2001, The British journal of dermatology.

[27]  K. Welsh,et al.  Skin cancers in renal-transplant recipients occur more frequently than previously recognized in a temperate climate , 2004, Transplantation.

[28]  K. Kaidbey,et al.  AN ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ACTION SPECTRUM FOR IMMEDIATE PIGMENT DARKENING , 1993, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[29]  G J Hill,et al.  UVA, pheomelanin and the carcinogenesis of melanoma. , 2000, Pigment cell research.

[30]  D. Moyal,et al.  Efficacy of broad‐spectrum sunscreens against the suppression of elicitation of delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses in humans depends on the level of ultraviolet A protection , 2003, Experimental dermatology.

[31]  A. Young,et al.  Ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema in human skin. , 2002, Methods.

[32]  R. Anderson,et al.  ERYTHEMA AND MELANOGENESIS ACTION SPECTRA OF NORMAL HUMAN SKIN * , 1982, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[33]  D. Yarosh,et al.  Measurement of UVB-Induced DNA damage and its consequences in models of immunosuppression. , 2002, Methods.

[34]  K. Hemminki,et al.  In situ repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts in human skin exposed to solar simulating radiation. , 1999, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[35]  M. Auletta,et al.  Effect of cutaneous hypoxia upon erythema and pigment responses to UVA, UVB, and PUVA (8-MOP + UVA) in human skin. , 1986, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[36]  S. McMahon,et al.  Ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation as a model for cutaneous hyperalgesia. , 2004, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[37]  J. Parrish,et al.  Histologic changes associated with ultraviolet A--induced erythema in normal human skin. , 1983, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[38]  James Varani,et al.  Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. , 2002, Archives of dermatology.

[39]  C. Potten,et al.  Tanning in Human Skin Types II and III Offers Modest Photoprotection Against Erythema , 1998, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[40]  H. Tronnier,et al.  ACTION SPECTRUM FOR ERYTHEMA IN HUMANS INVESTIGATED WITH DYE LASERS , 1995, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[41]  C. Potten,et al.  Sensitivity to Sunburn Is Associated with Susceptibility to Ultraviolet Radiation–Induced Suppression of Cutaneous Cell–Mediated Immunity , 2000, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[42]  J. Hawk,et al.  Ultraviolet-radiation-induced erythema and suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses in patients with polymorphic light eruption. , 2004, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[43]  K. Wittern,et al.  Comparative quantification of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-10r, TNFα and IL-7 mRNA levels in UV-irradiated human skin in vivo , 2000, Inflammation Research.

[44]  S. Rosso,et al.  Development of an integrated method of skin phenotype measurement using the melanins , 2001, Melanoma research.

[45]  P. Wolf,et al.  Measurement of sunscreen immune protection factors in humans: a consensus paper. , 2005, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[46]  C. Scaletta,et al.  Sunlight and carcinogenesis: Expression of p53 and pyrimidine dimers in human skin following UVA I, UVA I + II and solar simulating radiations , 1998, International journal of cancer.

[47]  B. Gilchrest,et al.  DNA photodamage stimulates melanogenesis and other photoprotective responses. , 1999, The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings.

[48]  J. McGregor,et al.  A single exposure of solar simulated radiation suppresses contact hypersensitivity responses both locally and systemically in humans: quantitative studies with high-frequency ultrasound. , 1998, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[49]  D. Sliney,et al.  Photoprotection of the eye - UV radiation and sunglasses. , 2001, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.