Co-occurrence of Deficits in Beat Perception and Synchronization Supports Implication of Motor System in Beat Perception

The main goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that disorders in entrainment to the beat of music originate from motor deficits. To this aim, we adapted the Beat Alignment Test and tested a large pool of control subjects, as well as nine individuals who had previously showed deficits in synchronization to the beat of music. The tasks consisted of tapping (Experiment 1) and bouncing (Experiment 2) in synchrony with the beat of non-classical music that varied in genre, tempo, and groove, and then judging whether a superimposed metronome was perceived as on or off the beat of the same selection of music. Results indicate concomitant deficits in both beat synchronization and the detection of misalignment with the beat, supporting the hypothesis that the motor system is implicated in beat perception.

[1]  L. Trainor,et al.  Hearing the Beat: Young Children’s Perceptual Sensitivity to Beat Alignment Varies According to Metric Structure , 2016 .

[2]  S. Kotz,et al.  “Lost in time” but still moving to the beat , 2017, Neuropsychologia.

[3]  D. Moelants,et al.  Ambiguity in Tempo Perception: What Draws Listeners to Different Metrical Levels? , 2006 .

[4]  B. Repp,et al.  Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of recent research (2006–2012) , 2013, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

[5]  I. Peretz,et al.  Varieties of Musical Disorders , 2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[6]  Pauline Tranchant,et al.  Keeping the Beat: A Large Sample Study of Bouncing and Clapping to Music , 2016, PloS one.

[7]  P. Tranchant,et al.  Current conceptual challenges in the study of rhythm processing deficits , 2015, Front. Neurosci..

[8]  Margaret Wilson,et al.  Rhythmic entrainment: Why humans want to, fireflies can’t help it, pet birds try, and sea lions have to be bribed , 2016, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[9]  Bruno Nettl An ethnomusicologist contemplates universals in musical sound and musical culture , 2000 .

[10]  B. Repp Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of the tapping literature , 2005, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[11]  Henkjan Honing,et al.  Are non-human primates capable of rhythmic entrainment? Evidence for the gradual audiomotor evolution hypothesis , 2014, Front. Neurosci..

[12]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  The Beat Alignment Test (BAT): Surveying beat processing abilities in the general population , 2008 .

[13]  Ray Jackendoff,et al.  An overview of hierarchical structure in music , 1983 .

[14]  R. Balasubramaniam,et al.  Recruitment of the motor system during music listening: An ALE meta-analysis of fMRI data , 2018, PloS one.

[15]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[16]  I. Peretz,et al.  Born to dance but beat deaf: A new form of congenital amusia , 2011, Neuropsychologia.

[17]  Timothy D. Griffiths,et al.  Distinct Neural Substrates of Duration-Based and Beat-Based Auditory Timing , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[18]  Benjamin Morillon,et al.  Natural rhythms of periodic temporal attention , 2020, Nature Communications.

[19]  E. Altenmüller,et al.  Basic Timing Abilities Stay Intact in Patients with Musician's Dystonia , 2014, PloS one.

[20]  A. Mouraux,et al.  Body Movement Selectively Shapes the Neural Representation of Musical Rhythms , 2014, Psychological science.

[21]  Jessica A. Grahn,et al.  Individual Differences in Beat Perception Affect Gait Responses to Low- and High-Groove Music , 2014, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[22]  Grosvenor W. Cooper,et al.  The Rhythmic Structure of Music , 1971 .

[23]  Nicolas Farrugia,et al.  BAASTA: Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Timing Abilities , 2016, Behavior Research Methods.

[24]  I. Peretz,et al.  Prevalence of congenital amusia , 2016, European Journal of Human Genetics.

[25]  Peter E. Keller,et al.  The ADaptation and Anticipation Model (ADAM) of sensorimotor synchronization , 2013, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[26]  Benjamin Bergen,et al.  Does beat perception rely on the covert use of the motor system? , 2014, CogSci.

[27]  L. Trainor,et al.  Feeling the Beat: Movement Influences Infant Rhythm Perception , 2005, Science.

[28]  I. Peretz,et al.  The Montreal Protocol for Identification of Amusia , 2017, Behavior Research Methods.

[29]  C. Drake,et al.  Tapping in Time with Mechanically and Expressively Performed Music , 2000 .

[30]  D. Moelants,et al.  The Impact of the Bass Drum on Human Dance Movement , 2013 .

[31]  L. Trainor,et al.  Hearing what the body feels: Auditory encoding of rhythmic movement , 2007, Cognition.

[32]  Philipp Berens,et al.  CircStat: AMATLABToolbox for Circular Statistics , 2009, Journal of Statistical Software.

[33]  José Fornari,et al.  Multi-Feature Modeling of Pulse Clarity: Design, Validation and Optimization , 2008, ISMIR.

[34]  Per B. Brockhoff,et al.  lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models , 2017 .

[35]  R. Zatorre,et al.  Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain. , 2008, Cerebral cortex.

[36]  E. Large,et al.  Beat Keeping in a Sea Lion As Coupled Oscillation: Implications for Comparative Understanding of Human Rhythm , 2016, Front. Neurosci..

[37]  Petri Toiviainen,et al.  A Matlab Toolbox for Music Information Retrieval , 2007, GfKl.

[38]  Maurizio Vichi,et al.  Studies in Classification Data Analysis and knowledge Organization , 2011 .

[39]  I. Peretz,et al.  Poor Synchronization to Musical Beat Generalizes to Speech† , 2019, Brain sciences.

[40]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  The influence of metricality and modality on synchronization with a beat , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[41]  Matthew Brett,et al.  Rhythm and Beat Perception in Motor Areas of the Brain , 2007, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[42]  Jakub S. Sowinski,et al.  Poor synchronization to the beat may result from deficient auditory-motor mapping , 2013, Neuropsychologia.

[43]  Aniruddh D. Patel The Evolutionary Biology of Musical Rhythm: Was Darwin Wrong? , 2014, PLoS biology.

[44]  G. Schlaug,et al.  The Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT): a battery for assessing beat perception and production and their dissociation , 2013, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[45]  Daniel C. Comstock,et al.  Motor and Predictive Processes in Auditory Beat and Rhythm Perception , 2020, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

[46]  D. Ellis Beat Tracking by Dynamic Programming , 2007 .

[47]  E. Large,et al.  Spontaneous tempo and rhythmic entrainment in a bonobo (Pan paniscus). , 2015, Journal of comparative psychology.

[48]  Jessica A. Grahn,et al.  Feeling the Beat: Premotor and Striatal Interactions in Musicians and Nonmusicians during Beat Perception , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[49]  Benjamin G. Schultz,et al.  Tap Arduino: An Arduino microcontroller for low-latency auditory feedback in sensorimotor synchronization experiments , 2015, Behavior Research Methods.

[50]  Jessica M. Ross,et al.  Motor simulation theories of musical beat perception , 2016, Neurocase.

[51]  D. Bates,et al.  Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4 , 2014, 1406.5823.

[52]  Aniruddh D. Patel,et al.  The evolutionary neuroscience of musical beat perception: the Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction (ASAP) hypothesis , 2013, Front. Syst. Neurosci..

[53]  Jason M Haberman,et al.  Sensorimotor coupling in music and the psychology of the groove. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[54]  E. Pöppel,et al.  Body movement enhances the extraction of temporal structures in auditory sequences , 2011, Psychological Research.

[55]  Michael Schutz,et al.  Exploring the Effects of Effectors , 2020 .

[56]  M. Tomasello,et al.  Joint drumming: social context facilitates synchronization in preschool children. , 2009, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[57]  Petri Toiviainen,et al.  MOCAP TOOLBOX - A MATLAB TOOLBOX FOR COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT DATA , 2013 .