Treatment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Inorganics: Part 3

Biologically, cadmium is considered a nonessential, nonbeneficial element of high toxic potential. In addition to its association with cardiovascular disease,3 particularly hypertension, cadmium poisoning from contaminated food4 and beverages5 has been reported. Also, epidemiological studies have linked it with the Itai-itai disease in Japan,6 a disease characterized by decalcification of bones, proteinuria, glycosuria, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, and other more subjective symptoms. Chronic oral toxicity studies in rats have shown marked anemia, retarded growth, and, in many instances, death at the 135-mg/l cadmium level of the diet.7 A maximal "no effect" level was not established, however, because cadmium toxicity was shown to have a dietary relationship. (For example, a low protein diet increased cadmium toxicity.) A drinking water study also has been done with rats exposed to water containing 0.1 to 1.0 mg/1.8 No cadmium toxicity effects were noted, but cadmium content in the kidney and liver increased in direct proportion to the dose at all levels.

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