Effects of soil infection potentiating factors on neutrophils in vitro.

Although the ability of soil silicate fractions to potentiate infection is well recognized, the precise mechanisms by which they do so remain unexplained. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of montmorillonite clay, the most potent of these soil infection potentiators, on human neutrophils, erythrocytes, and serum complement in vitro. Using phase microscopy, rapid neutrophil lysis was observed when cells were exposed to untreated clay. After lysis, the cytoplasmic marker enzyme lactate dehydrogenase rapidly adsorbed to the surface of the clay. Both enzyme surface adsorption and cell lysis could be blocked, however, by pretreatment of the clay with human albumin. Likewise, neutrophil chemiluminescence could be stimulated by untreated clay, but not by clay pretreated with 5 percent albumin or 10 percent pooled human serum. Maximal chemiluminescence was stimulated by clay pretreated with 0.1 percent albumin, probably because the partially protective albumin coating delayed cell lysis. Compared with the effect on neutrophils, clay lysis of erythrocytes was incomplete. When zymosan-activated serum samples were exposed to clay, complement activity as measured by neutrophil chemotaxis was suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion. We conclude that montmorillonite clay may potentiate infection by a direct cytotoxic effect on the neutrophil, making it unavailable for bacterial phagocytosis, by local reduction in bacterial opsonization due to depletion of activated complement, and by the release of toxic tissue substances, such as lysosomal enzymes and oxygen free radicals, from leukocytes which may damage host tissue and thus create an environment favorable for bacterial survival.