Moving smaller in drug discovery and delivery

Advances in new micro- and nanotechnologies are accelerating the identification and evaluation of drug candidates, and the development of new delivery technologies that are required to transform biological potential into medical reality. This article will highlight the emerging micro- and nanotechnology tools, techniques and devices that are being applied to advance the fields of drug discovery and drug delivery. Many of the promising applications of micro- and nanotechnology are likely to occur at the interfaces between microtechnology, nanotechnology and biochemistry.

[1]  J. Storhoff,et al.  A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials , 1996, Nature.

[2]  William S. N. Trimmer,et al.  Injection of DNA into plant and animal tissues with micromechanical piercing structures , 1995, Proceedings IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. 1995.

[3]  K. Drexler,et al.  Synthetic tips , 1990, Nature.

[4]  Karen L. Wooley,et al.  Shell crosslinked polymer assemblies: Nanoscale constructs inspired from biological systems , 2000 .

[5]  C. Niemeyer,et al.  Self-assembled nanostructures based on DNA: towards the development of nanobiotechnology. , 2000, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[6]  Susan M. Kauzlarich,et al.  Light emission from silicon quantum dots , 2000, LASE.

[7]  R. Weissleder,et al.  In vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[8]  J. Lammers,et al.  The clinical value of lung imaging fluorescence endoscopy for detecting synchronous lung cancer. , 2001, Lung cancer.

[9]  S. Howorka,et al.  Sequence-specific detection of individual DNA strands using engineered nanopores , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[10]  Rashid Bashir,et al.  Invited Review: DNA-mediated artificial nanobiostructures: state of the art and future directions , 2001 .

[11]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Designing a polyvalent inhibitor of anthrax toxin , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[12]  Cleland,et al.  Recombinant human growth hormone poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere formulation development. , 1997, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[13]  Stuart L. Schreiber,et al.  Printing Small Molecules as Microarrays and Detecting Protein−Ligand Interactions en Masse , 1999 .

[14]  S. Quake,et al.  A microfabricated fluorescence-activated cell sorter , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[15]  Wouter Olthuis,et al.  An Electrochemically Actuated Micro Dosing System With Improved Dosing Control , 1999, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

[16]  Anna Moore,et al.  In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of transgene expression , 2000, Nature Medicine.

[17]  W. Bainbridge,et al.  Societal implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology , 2001 .

[18]  J. M. Shaw,et al.  Formulation and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of Nanocrystalline Suspensions of Poorly Soluble Anticancer Drugs , 1996, Pharmaceutical Research.

[19]  N. Yang,et al.  In vivo and in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  M. Sussman,et al.  Maskless fabrication of light-directed oligonucleotide microarrays using a digital micromirror array , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[21]  D. Cahill,et al.  Protein and antibody arrays and their medical applications. , 2001, Journal of immunological methods.

[22]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Patterned deposition of cells and proteins onto surfaces by using three-dimensional microfluidic systems. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  V. Torchilin,et al.  Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. , 1994, Science.

[24]  W. Mark Saltzman,et al.  Synthetic DNA delivery systems , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[25]  Chad A. Mirkin,et al.  DNA-Directed Synthesis of Binary Nanoparticle Network Materials , 1998 .

[26]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Laminar flows: Subcellular positioning of small molecules , 2001, Nature.

[27]  Shinji Okazaki,et al.  Pushing the limits of lithography , 2000, Nature.

[28]  D. Eigler,et al.  Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope , 1990, Nature.

[29]  David R. Baselt.  The Tip-Sample Interaction in Atomic Force Microscopy and its Implications for Biological Applications. , 1993 .

[30]  Charles M. Lieber,et al.  Functionalization of carbon nanotube AFM probes using tip-activated gases , 1999 .

[31]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[32]  Charles M. Lieber,et al.  DIRECT GROWTH OF SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY TIPS , 1999 .

[33]  Stella M. Marinakos,et al.  Gold particles as templates for the synthesis of hollow polymer capsules. Control of capsule dimensions and guest encapsulation , 1999 .

[34]  L Newman.  Larger debate underlies spiral CT screening for lung cancer. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[35]  J Hartmann,et al.  Microencapsulation by means of step-wise adsorption of polyelectrolytes. , 2000, Journal of microencapsulation.

[36]  R. Levy,et al.  Sustained delivery and expression of DNA encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles , 2000, Gene Therapy.

[37]  P. Belgrader,et al.  DNA typing in thirty seconds with a microfabricated device. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[38]  J. Kononen,et al.  Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens , 1998, Nature Medicine.

[39]  A Scherer,et al.  A microfabricated device for sizing and sorting DNA molecules. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  S. Schreiber,et al.  Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination. , 2000, Science.

[41]  D. Branton,et al.  Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  T Centner,et al.  Fluorescence quenching: A tool for single-molecule protein-folding study. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  X. Zhuang,et al.  A single-molecule study of RNA catalysis and folding. , 2000, Science.

[44]  X. H. Wu,et al.  Control of crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc-shell proteins , 1996, Nature.

[45]  Y. Kawashima,et al.  Mucoadhesive nanoparticulate systems for peptide drug delivery. , 2001, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[46]  R. Walmsley,et al.  Green fluorescent protein as a reporter for the DNA damage‐induced gene RAD54 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1997, Yeast.

[47]  H. Clark,et al.  Optical nanosensors for chemical analysis inside single living cells. 2. Sensors for pH and calcium and the intracellular application of PEBBLE sensors. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[48]  Sanjay Tyagi,et al.  Molecular Beacons: Probes that Fluoresce upon Hybridization , 1996, Nature Biotechnology.

[49]  R. B ASHIR,et al.  DNA-mediated artificial nanobiostructures : state of the art and future directions , 2001 .

[50]  G. Liversidge,et al.  Particle size reduction for improvement of oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs: I. Absolute oral bioavailability of nanocrystalline danazol in beagle dogs , 1995 .

[51]  Charles M. Lieber,et al.  Covalently functionalized nanotubes as nanometre- sized probes in chemistry and biology , 1998, Nature.

[52]  Shimon Weiss,et al.  Synthesis and Properties of Biocompatible Water-Soluble Silica-Coated CdSe/ZnS Semiconductor Quantum Dots† , 2001 .

[53]  N. Seeman.  DNA Nicks and Nodes and Nanotechnology , 2001 .

[54]  Xiaolian Gao,et al.  OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS USING SOLUTION PHOTOGENERATED ACIDS , 1998 .

[55]  Helmuth Möhwald,et al.  Studies on the drug release properties of polysaccharide multilayers encapsulated ibuprofen microparticles. , 2001 .

[56]  Hari Singh Nalwa,et al.  Handbook of nanostructured materials and nanotechnology , 2000 .

[57]  Peter Fromherz,et al.  Recombinant maxi-K channels on transistor, a prototype of iono-electronic interfacing , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[58]  George M Whitesides,et al.  Polyvalent Interactions in Biological Systems: Implications for Design and Use of Multivalent Ligands and Inhibitors. , 1998, Angewandte Chemie.

[59]  D. Branton,et al.  Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  C. S. Chen,et al.  Geometric control of cell life and death. , 1997, Science.

[61]  T. Kowalewski,et al.  Packaging of DNA by shell crosslinked nanoparticles. , 1999, Nucleic acids research.

[62]  W. Semmler,et al.  Receptor-targeted optical imaging of tumors with near-infrared fluorescent ligands , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[63]  M. Allen,et al.  Microfabricated microneedles for gene and drug delivery. , 2000, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[64]  Nadrian C. Seeman,et al.  Design and synthesis of a knot from single-stranded DNA , 1991 .

[65]  S. Nie,et al.  Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. , 1998, Science.

[66]  T. N. Bhat,et al.  The Protein Data Bank , 2000, Nucleic Acids Res..

[67]  Chad A. Mirkin,et al.  Emerging Methods for Micro- and Nanofabrication , 2001 .

[68]  N. Yang,et al.  Gene gun and other non-viral approaches for cancer gene therapy , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[69]  N Lotan,et al.  Large porous particles for pulmonary drug delivery. , 1997, Science.

[70]  A. Libchaber,et al.  Single-mismatch detection using gold-quenched fluorescent oligonucleotides , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[71]  C. Bustamante,et al.  Circular DNA molecules imaged in air by scanning force microscopy. , 1992, Biochemistry.

[72]  George P. Anderson,et al.  Bioconjugation of Highly Luminescent Colloidal CdSe–ZnS Quantum Dots with an Engineered Two-Domain Recombinant Protein , 2001 .

[73]  H. Clark,et al.  Optical nanosensors for chemical analysis inside single living cells. 1. Fabrication, characterization, and methods for intracellular delivery of PEBBLE sensors. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[74]  H. Möhwald,et al.  Fabrication of micro reaction cages with tailored properties. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[75]  W. B. Stine,et al.  The nanometer-scale structure of amyloid-Β visualized by atomic force microscopy , 1996 .

[76]  M. Cima,et al.  A controlled-release microchip , 1999, Nature.

[77]  M. Alonso,et al.  Stealth PLA-PEG Nanoparticles as Protein Carriers for Nasal Administration , 1998, Pharmaceutical Research.

[78]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Two-color labeling of oligonucleotide arrays via size-selective scattering of nanoparticle probes. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[79]  K. Hiroshima,et al.  Fluorescence bronchoscopy in the detection of preinvasive bronchial lesions in patients with sputum cytology suspicious or positive for malignancy. , 2001, Lung cancer.

[80]  H. Okada,et al.  One- and three-month release injectable microspheres of the LH-RH superagonist leuprorelin acetate. , 1997, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[81]  F E Cotter,et al.  Stochastic modeling of apoptosis tolerance distributions measured by multivariate flow analysis of human leukemia cells. , 2000, Cytometry.

[82]  J. Pellois,et al.  Peptide synthesis based on t-Boc chemistry and solution photogenerated acids. , 2000, Journal of combinatorial chemistry.

[83]  Harold G. Craighead,et al.  Fabrication of microcapillaries and waveguides for single-molecule detection , 1998, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[84]  M. Allen,et al.  Lack of Pain Associated with Microfabricated Microneedles , 2001, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[85]  Stephen H. Friend,et al.  Toxicogenomics and drug discovery: will new technologies help us produce better drugs? , 2002, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[86]  M Vapalahti,et al.  [Human gene therapy]. , 1996, Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja.

[87]  M. Grahn,et al.  Genetics of long-spurred pheasants , 1990, Nature.

[88]  J. Storhoff,et al.  Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. , 1997, Science.

[89]  P Guyot-Sionnest,et al.  Electrochromic nanocrystal quantum dots. , 2001, Science.

[90]  Paul F. Barbara,et al.  Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly , 2000, Nature.

[91]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Materials chemistry: Semiconductors meet biology , 2000, Nature.

[92]  J. J. Sniegowski,et al.  Tribological Issues of Polysilicon Surface-Micromachining , 1998 .

[93]  J. Patton,et al.  Bioavailability of pulmonary delivered peptides and proteins: α-interferon, calcitonins and parathyroid hormones , 1994 .