Shot-profile Migration of Multiple Reflections

A shot-profile migration algorithm is modified to image multiple reflections at their correct location in the subsurface. This method replaces the impulsive source with an areal source made of recorded primaries and multiples. In addition, the extrapolated wavefield at the receivers consists of recorded multiples only which have been previously separated from the primaries. Migration results with 2-D synthetic and field data prove that the migration of multiples can bring valuable structural information of the earth with or without separation.

[1]  Karl E. Butler,et al.  Subtraction of powerline harmonics from geophysical records , 1993 .

[2]  R. Clapp,et al.  Tau domain migration velocity analysis using angle CRP gathers and geologic constraints , 2000 .

[3]  J. Berryman,et al.  Exact results for generalized Gassmann's equations in composite porous media with two constituents , 1991 .

[4]  W. D. Pennington,et al.  The evolution of seismic barriers and asperities caused by the depressuring of fault planes in oil and gas fields of South Texas , 1986 .

[5]  Paul Sava,et al.  Wave‐equation migration velocity analysis , 2004 .

[6]  Mauricio D. Sacchi,et al.  High‐resolution velocity gathers and offset space reconstruction , 1995 .

[7]  H. Klie,et al.  A new acoustic wave equation for modeling in anisotropic media , 2001 .

[8]  K. Marfurt.  Accuracy of finite-difference and finite-element modeling of the scalar and elastic wave equations , 1984 .

[9]  Paul Sava,et al.  Amplitude-preserved common image gathers by wave-equation migration , 2001 .

[10]  Robert G. Clapp,et al.  (t,x) domain, pattern‐based ground roll removal , 2000 .

[11]  Efficient 2.5-D true‐amplitude migration , 1999 .

[12]  L. Pyrak‐Nolte,et al.  Physics of Partially Saturated Porous Media: Residual Saturation and Seismic-Wave Propagation , 2001 .

[13]  Bill Dragoset.  Geophysical Applications of Adaptive Noise Cancellation , 1995 .

[14]  James G. Berryman,et al.  The elastic coefficients of double‐porosity models for fluid transport in jointed rock , 1995 .

[16]  Jon F. Claerbout,et al.  Fundamentals of Geophysical Data Processing: With Applications to Petroleum Prospecting , 1985 .

[17]  J. Geertsma,et al.  Land subsidence above compacting oil and gas reservoirs , 1973 .

[18]  Paul Sava.  Variable-velocity prestack Stolt residual migration with application to a North Sea dataset , 2000 .

[19]  W. D. Pennington.  Reservoir geophysics , 2001 .

[20]  B. Biondi,et al.  Wave-equation prestack depth migration for sub-basalt P and converted wave imaging , 2001 .

[21]  Tariq Alkhalifah,et al.  Implementing the fast marching eikonal solver: spherical versus Cartesian coordinates , 2001 .

[22]  R. H. Nilson,et al.  Double‐porosity modelling of oscillatory gas motion and contaminant transport in a fractured porous medium , 1990 .

[23]  Simon Spitz,et al.  Pattern recognition, spatial predictability, and subtraction of multiple events , 1999 .

[24]  J. Rice,et al.  Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid‐saturated elastic porous media with compressible constituents , 1976 .

[25]  A. H. Thompson,et al.  Geophysical applications of electrokinetic conversion , 1993 .

[26]  A. Norris.  On the correspondence between poroelasticity and thermoelasticity , 1992 .

[27]  Test case for PEF estimation with sparse data II , 2000 .

[28]  J. Berryman,et al.  Volume averaging, effective stress rules, and inversion for microstructural response of multicomponent porous media , 1998 .

[29]  Wang Yu.  High order approximation of 3D one way wave equation , 2003 .

[30]  Paul Segall.  Stress and subsidence resulting from subsurface fluid withdrawal in the epicentral region of the 1983 Coalinga earthquake , 1986 .

[31]  D. J. Verschuur,et al.  Estimation of multiple scattering by iterative inversion, Part I: Theoretical considerations , 1997 .

[32]  Matthias Schwab,et al.  Making scientific computations reproducible , 2000, Comput. Sci. Eng..

[33]  S. P. Lloyd,et al.  Least squares quantization in PCM , 1982, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[34]  W. R. Wawersik,et al.  Terrestrial sequestration of CO2: An assessment of research needs , 2001 .

[35]  Karl B. Coyner.  Effects of stress, pore pressure, and pore fluids on bulk strain, velocity, and permeability in rocks , 1984 .

[36]  Derek Elsworth,et al.  Numerical modelling of coupled flow and deformation in fractured rock specimens , 1999 .

[37]  J. Rickett.  On non-stationary convolution and inverse convolution , 1999 .

[38]  Shaun D. Fitzgerald,et al.  A note on induced stress changes in hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs , 1998 .

[39]  J. Claerbout,et al.  Acoustic daylight imaging via spectral factorization: helioseismology and reservoir monitoring , 1999 .

[40]  Herbert F. Wang.  Quasi-static poroelastic parameters in rock and their geophysical applications , 1993 .

[41]  John R. Rice,et al.  On the Stability of Dilatant Hardening for Saturated Rock Masses , 1975 .

[42]  Paul Sava,et al.  A tutorial on mixed-domain wave-equation migration and migration velocity analysis , 2000 .

[43]  Dale G. Stone,et al.  Designing Seismic Surveys in Two and Three Dimensions , 1994 .

[44]  Tariq Alkhalifah,et al.  The space–time domain: theory and modelling for anisotropic media , 2001 .

[45]  J. Claerbout.  Toward a unified theory of reflector mapping , 1971 .

[46]  Kes Heffer,et al.  Theory of linear poroelasticity with applications to geomechanics and hydrogeology , 2004 .

[47]  Michael P. Cleary,et al.  Fundamental solutions for a fluid-saturated porous solid , 1977 .

[48]  A. Majda,et al.  Absorbing boundary conditions for the numerical simulation of waves , 1977 .

[49]  Paul Sava,et al.  Angle-domain common-image gathers by wavefield continuation methods , 2003 .

[50]  James Rickett,et al.  PS‐wave polarity reversal in angle domain common‐image gathers , 2001 .

[51]  John P. Castagna,et al.  Offset-dependent reflectivity : theory and practice of AVO analysis , 1993 .

[52]  I. Fatt.  Pore Volume Compressibilities of Sandstone Reservoir Rocks , 1958 .

[53]  Antoine Guitton,et al.  Coherent noise attenuation using Inverse Problems and Prediction Error Filters , 2000 .

[54]  Douglas J. Morrice,et al.  Optimizing operations in 3‐D land seismic surveys , 2001 .

[55]  Tariq Alkhalifah.  An Acoustic Wave Equation For Anisotropic Media , 1998 .

[56]  W. Symes,et al.  Robust inversion of seismic data using the Huber norm , 2003 .

[57]  R. Clapp,et al.  Seismic image regularization in the reflection angle domain: SEP-103 , 2000 .

[58]  Derek Elsworth,et al.  Modeling of naturally fractured reservoirs using deformation dependent flow mechanism , 1993 .

[59]  Robert Soubaras.  Signal-preserving Random Noise Attenuation By the F-x Projection , 1994 .

[60]  James G. Berryman,et al.  Effective stress for transport properties of inhomogeneous porous rock , 1992 .

[61]  Herbert F. Wang,et al.  Consolidation of a double-porosity medium , 1998 .

[62]  M. Biot,et al.  THE ELASTIC COEFFICIENTS OF THE THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION , 1957 .

[63]  Joan Gomberg,et al.  Possible cause for an improbable earthquake: The 1997 Mw 4.9 southern Alabama earthquake and hydrocarbon recovery , 1999 .

[64]  Mike Galbraith.  Land 3-D survey design by computer , 1994 .

[65]  Prestack imaging of overturned and prismatic reflections by reverse time migration , 2002 .

[66]  Sean Crawley.  Seismic trace interpolation with nonstationary prediction-error filters , 2000 .

[67]  Derek Elsworth,et al.  FLOW-DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF DUAL-POROSITY MEDIA , 1992 .

[68]  Gary F. Margrave,et al.  Theory of nonstationary linear filtering in the Fourier domain with application to time‐variant filtering , 1998 .

[69]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  An Algorithm for Vector Quantizer Design , 1980, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[70]  J. E. Warren,et al.  The Behavior of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs , 1963 .

[71]  Paul Sava,et al.  Offset And Angle Domain Common-image Gathers For Shot-profile Migration , 2001 .

[72]  Brad Artman.  A return to passive seismic imaging , 2002 .

[73]  G.J.O. Vermeer,et al.  Fundamentals of 3-D seismic survey design , 2001 .

[74]  S. Fomel,et al.  Amplitude preservation for offset continuation: Confirmation for Kirchhoff data , 2001 .

[75]  Paul Segall,et al.  Induced stresses due to fluid extraction from axisymmetric reservoirs , 1992 .

[76]  James G. Berryman,et al.  Influence of microstructure on rock elastic properties , 1993 .

[77]  James G. Berryman,et al.  Connecting theory to experiment in poroelasticity , 1998 .

[78]  R. Bortfeld,et al.  APPROXIMATIONS TO THE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS OF PLANE LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE WAVES , 1961 .

[79]  Steven R. Pride,et al.  Electroseismic waves from point sources in layered media , 1997 .

[80]  Kagan Tuncay,et al.  Effective stress principle for saturated fractured porous media , 1995 .

[81]  Dimitri E. Beskos,et al.  On the theory of consolidation with double porosity—III A finite element formulation , 1984 .

[82]  D. Elsworth,et al.  Multiporosity/multipermeability approach to the simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs , 1993 .

[83]  3-D traveltime computation by Huygens wavefront tracing , 1999 .

[84]  G. I. Barenblast,et al.  Fundamental Equations of Filtration of Homogeneous Liquids in Fissured Rocks , 1960 .

[85]  Douglas Gratwick.  Amplitude analysis in the angle domain , 2001 .

[86]  Maarten V. de Hoop,et al.  Modeling And Imaging With the Generalized Screen Algorithm , 1998 .

[87]  Einar Kjartansson,et al.  Attenuation of seismic waves in rocks and applications in energy exploration , 1979 .

[88]  D. J. Verschuur,et al.  Adaptive surface-related multiple elimination , 1992 .

[89]  F. Gaßmann.  Uber die Elastizitat poroser Medien. , 1961 .

[90]  Jon F. Claerbout,et al.  Multidimensional recursive filters via a helix , 1998 .

[91]  Paul Sava,et al.  Prestack residual migration in the frequency domain , 2003 .

[92]  James G. Berryman,et al.  Models for computing geomechanical constants of double‐porosity materials from the constituents' properties , 2002 .

[93]  James Rickett.  Model‐space vs data‐space normalization for finite‐frequency depth migration , 2001 .

[94]  A. J. Berkhout,et al.  Velocity-independent Datuming of Seismic Data , 1999 .

[95]  A. J. Berkhout,et al.  Multiple Technology: Part 2, Migration of Multiple Reflections , 1994 .

[96]  Jon F. Claerbout,et al.  Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response , 1968 .

[97]  John Etgen,et al.  Strike shooting, dip shooting, widepatch shooting — Does prestack depth migration care? A model study , 1998 .

[98]  Seismic inverse scattering in the `wave-equation' approach , 2001, math/0112172.

[99]  Robert G. Clapp,et al.  Multiple attenuation using a tx pattern-based subtraction method , 2001 .

[100]  Biondo Biondi,et al.  3-D prestack migration of common-azimuth data , 1996 .

[101]  Stéphane Garambois,et al.  Seismoelectric wave conversions in porous media: Field measurements and transfer function analysis , 2001 .

[102]  James Rickett,et al.  Passive seismic imaging applied to synthetic data , 1996 .

[103]  M. Bai,et al.  Triple-porosity analysis of solute transport , 1997 .

[104]  Biondo Biondi,et al.  Seismic data reconstruction by inversion to common offset , 2002 .

[105]  Alfredo Muñoz,et al.  Model based simulation for survey planning and optimization , 1999 .

[106]  H. Erbring,et al.  Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry , 1967 .

[107]  G. M.,et al.  A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity , 1906, Nature.

[108]  Amos Nur,et al.  An exact effective stress law for elastic deformation of rock with fluids , 1971 .

[109]  Robert G. Clapp,et al.  Testing Linux multiprocessors for seismic imaging , 1999 .

[110]  Akram Aldroubi,et al.  Nonuniform Sampling and Reconstruction in Shift-Invariant Spaces , 2001, SIAM Rev..

[111]  Michael Edward Hohn,et al.  An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics: by Edward H. Isaaks and R. Mohan Srivastava, 1989, Oxford University Press, New York, 561 p., ISBN 0-19-505012-6, ISBN 0-19-505013-4 (paperback), $55.00 cloth, $35.00 paper (US) , 1991 .

[112]  Mrinal K. Sen,et al.  Dip selective 2-D multiple attenuation in the plane-wave domain , 2000 .

[113]  Arthur Lerner-Lam,et al.  Performance of the short-period geophones of the IRIS/PASSCAL Array , 1991, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[114]  J. Korringa,et al.  On the Dependence of the Elastic Properties of a Porous Rock on the Compressibility of the Pore Fluid , 1975 .

[115]  Pride,et al.  Governing equations for the coupled electromagnetics and acoustics of porous media. , 1994, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[116]  Sergey Fomel.  Evaluating the Stolt stretch parameter , 2000, S&P 2000.

[117]  William Curry,et al.  A new multiscale prediction-error filter for sparse data interpolation , 2001 .

[118]  Sergey Fomel.  On model-space and data-space regularization : A tutorial , 1997 .