Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sediment of Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake, China

Sediment is an ideal medium for the aggregation and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The levels of antibiotics and ARGs in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake of central China were investigated in this study. The concentrations of eight antibiotics (four sulfonamides and four tetracyclines) in Honghu Lake were in the range 90.00–437.43 μg kg−1 (dry weight (dw)) with mean value of 278.21 μg kg−1 dw, which was significantly higher than those in East Dongting Lake (60.02–321.04 μg kg−1 dw, mean value of 195.70 μg kg−1 dw). Among the tested three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul) and eight tetracycline resistance genes (tet), sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, and tetM had 100 % detection frequency in sediment samples of East Dongting Lake, while only sul1, sul2, and tetC were observed in all samples of Honghu Lake. The relative abundance of sul2 was higher than that of sul1 at p < 0.05 level in both lakes. The relative abundance of tet genes in East Dongting Lake was in the following order: tetM > tetB > tetC > tetA. The relative abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC in East Dongting Lake was significantly higher than those in Honghu Lake. The abundance of background bacteria may play an important role in the horizontal spread of sul2 and tetC genes in Honghu Lake and sul1 in East Dongting Lake, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that tetracyclines may play a more important role than sulfonamides in the abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC gens in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake.

[1]  J. Kaneene,et al.  Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance Observed in Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Domestic- and Wild-Animal Fecal Samples, Human Septage, and Surface Water , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[2]  J. Fick,et al.  Occurrence and Abundance of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Rivers, Canal and near Drug Formulation Facilities – A Study in Pakistan , 2013, PloS one.

[3]  Li Wang,et al.  Trends in the occurrence of human and veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Yellow River, Hai River and Liao River in northern China. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[4]  G. Ying,et al.  Occurrence and fate of eleven classes of antibiotics in two typical wastewater treatment plants in South China. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[5]  Z. Qiu,et al.  Pharmaceutical and personal care products in the surface water of China: A review , 2014 .

[6]  K. Chen,et al.  Occurrence and behavior of antibiotics in water and sediments from the Huangpu River, Shanghai, China. , 2014, Chemosphere.

[7]  P. McNamara,et al.  Tertiary-treated municipal wastewater is a significant point source of antibiotic resistance genes into Duluth-Superior Harbor. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  Changzhou Yan,et al.  Occurrence of selected antibiotics in Jiulongjiang River in various seasons, South China. , 2011, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[9]  F. Baquero,et al.  Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. , 2008, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[10]  Yi Luo,et al.  Persistence of extracellular DNA in river sediment facilitates antibiotic resistance gene propagation. , 2014, Environmental science & technology.

[11]  J. M. Bremner,et al.  A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil , 1988 .

[12]  Ran Tao,et al.  Simultaneous determination of four classes of antibiotics in sediments of the Pearl Rivers using RRLC-MS/MS. , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[13]  Saichang Zhu,et al.  Sources, distribution and potential risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Qingshan Lake basin, Eastern China. , 2013, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[14]  Helmut Bürgmann,et al.  Wastewater as a point source of antibiotic-resistance genes in the sediment of a freshwater lake , 2014, The ISME Journal.

[15]  Xitao Liu,et al.  Adsorption of tetracycline on soil and sediment: effects of pH and the presence of Cu(II). , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[16]  J Tolls,et al.  Sorption of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soils: a review. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[17]  Yujun Yi,et al.  Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[18]  D Fatta-Kassinos,et al.  Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. , 2013, Water research.

[19]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Impact on the Terrestrial Environment , 2005 .

[20]  Qixing Zhou,et al.  Trends in antibiotic resistance genes occurrence in the Haihe River, China. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[21]  Zhi Zhou,et al.  Occurrence of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in beef cattle storage ponds and swine treatment lagoons. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[22]  Ye Deng,et al.  Metagenomic insights into evolution of a heavy metal-contaminated groundwater microbial community , 2010, The ISME Journal.

[23]  Daqing Mao,et al.  Occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in aquaculture environment. , 2012, Water research.

[24]  H. Sørum,et al.  Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in marine bacteria from salmon aquaculture and non-aquaculture sites. , 2014, Environmental microbiology.

[25]  K. Carlson,et al.  Quantification of human and veterinary antibiotics in water and sediment using SPE/LC/MS/MS , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[26]  J. Fick,et al.  Abundance and Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Integrons in Lake Sediment Microcosms , 2014, PloS one.

[27]  Tong Zhang,et al.  Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment , 2009, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[28]  J. Balcázar,et al.  The role of aquatic ecosystems as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. , 2014, Trends in microbiology.

[29]  J. J. A L V A R E Z,et al.  Trends in Antibiotic Resistance Genes Occurrence in the Haihe River , China , 2010 .

[30]  Hong Chen,et al.  Occurrence and removal of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater and rural domestic sewage treatment systems in eastern China. , 2013, Environment international.

[31]  Aqeel Ahmad,et al.  Occurrence of Ciprofloxacin‐, Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole‐, and Vancomycin‐Resistant Bacteria in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant , 2009, Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation.

[32]  Amy Pruden,et al.  Effect of river landscape on the sediment concentrations of antibiotics and corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). , 2006, Water research.

[33]  Xiao-yan Li,et al.  Sorption and desorption of antibiotic tetracycline on marine sediments. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[34]  P. Alvarez,et al.  Occurrence and transport of tetracycline, sulfonamide, quinolone, and macrolide antibiotics in the Haihe River Basin, China. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[35]  W. Meng,et al.  Distribution, sources and composition of antibiotics in sediment, overlying water and pore water from Taihu Lake, China. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[36]  H. Sørum,et al.  Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the bacterial flora of integrated fish farming environments of Pakistan and Tanzania. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[37]  L. Ng,et al.  Multiplex PCR for the detection of tetracycline resistant genes. , 2001, Molecular and cellular probes.

[38]  Yaqi Cai,et al.  Occurrence of antibiotics in water, sediments, aquatic plants, and animals from Baiyangdian Lake in North China. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[39]  R. Mackie,et al.  Molecular Ecology of Tetracycline Resistance: Development and Validation of Primers for Detection of Tetracycline Resistance Genes Encoding Ribosomal Protection Proteins , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[40]  A. Boxall,et al.  Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the ecology of class 1 integrons and integron-associated genes in the environment , 2011, The ISME Journal.

[41]  Z. Ling,et al.  A preliminary investigation on the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the Beijiang River, South China. , 2013, Journal of environmental sciences.

[42]  Gang Xu,et al.  Antibiotic resistance gene abundances associated with antibiotics and heavy metals in animal manures and agricultural soils adjacent to feedlots in Shanghai; China. , 2012, Journal of hazardous materials.

[43]  Tong Zhang,et al.  Metagenomic profiles of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) between human impacted estuary and deep ocean sediments. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.