Bases of Primitive Nonpowerful Sign Patterns

For a square primitive nonpowerful sign pattern A, the base of A, denoted by l(A), is the least positive integer l such that every entry of Al is #. In this paper, we consider the base set of the primitive nonpowerful sign pattern matrices. Some bounds on the bases for the sign pattern matrices with base at least 3/2n2 - 2n + 4 is given. Some sign pattern matrices with given bases is characterized and some "gaps" in the base set are shown.