Global strategies to prevent bacterial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease.

[1]  Adeeba Kamarulzaman,et al.  AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , 2006 .

[2]  G. Sansone,et al.  Impact of haart on causes of death of persons with late-stage AIDS , 2000, Journal of Urban Health.

[3]  M. Torres-Tortosa,et al.  Influence of CD4+ status on the invasiveness of pneumococcal pneumonia in HIY patients , 1996, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[4]  I. Schedel,et al.  Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection. A randomized clinical study , 1990, Infection.

[5]  M. A. Gómez,et al.  Recurrent pneumonia mortality risk in a HIV/AIDS Puerto Rican cohort. , 2003, Cellular and molecular biology.

[6]  S. Madhi,et al.  A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  G. Ippolito,et al.  Epidemiological aspects of major opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract in persons with AIDS: Europe, 1993–2000 , 2003, AIDS.

[8]  A. Schuchat,et al.  Multistate evaluation of invasive pneumococcal diseases in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection: serotype and antimicrobial resistance patterns in the United States. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[9]  D. Musher,et al.  Response of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy to vaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[10]  A. Schuchat,et al.  Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  D. Musher,et al.  Safety and immunogenicity of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1 infected former drug users. , 2002, Vaccine.

[12]  M. Riera,et al.  Risk factors in HIV‐1‐infected patients developing repetitive bacterial infections: toxicological, clinical, specific antibody class responses, opsonophagocytosis and Fcγ  RIIa polymorphism characteristics , 2002, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[13]  C. Sabin,et al.  The changing pattern of bronchoscopy in an HIV-infected population. , 2002, Chest.

[14]  W. O'brien,et al.  Viral load response to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, polysaccharide vaccine or placebo among HIV-infected patients. , 2002, AIDS.

[15]  Melita,et al.  Pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected Malawian adults: acute mortality and long-term survival , 2002, AIDS.

[16]  R. Hayes,et al.  Morbidity and mortality in South African gold miners: impact of untreated disease due to human immunodeficiency virus. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[17]  M. Wallace,et al.  Reimmunization with 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: clinical, immunologic, and virologic responses. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[18]  D. Wininger,et al.  Impact of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis on Etiology and Susceptibilities of Pathogens Causing Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Bacteremia , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[19]  A. O'donnell,et al.  Pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. , 2001, Chest.

[20]  C. Whitney,et al.  Randomized trial of the quantitative and functional antibody responses to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and/or 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults. , 2001, Vaccine.

[21]  A. Karstaedt,et al.  Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults in Soweto, South Africa, during the course of a decade. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[22]  A. Meier,et al.  Respiratory Tract Infection in HIV‐1‐Infected Adults in Nairobi, Kenya: Evaluation of Risk Factors and the World Health Organization Treatment Algorithm , 2001, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[23]  G. Rubenfeld,et al.  The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital: influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and initial severity of illness. , 2001, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[24]  B. H. Benthem,et al.  No evidence that vaccination with a polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine protects drug users against all-cause pneumonia. , 2001, AIDS.

[25]  C. Bridges,et al.  Influenza A among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: an outbreak of infection at a residential facility in New York City. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[26]  G. Maartens,et al.  Initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients in Africa: an evaluation of the provisional WHO/UNAIDS recommendations , 2001, AIDS.

[27]  T. Pumarola,et al.  Pulmonary infiltrates in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in Spain. , 2001 .

[28]  J. Ward,et al.  Pneumococcal disease among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: incidence, risk factors, and impact of vaccination. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[29]  D. Costagliola,et al.  Primary Prevention With Cotrimoxazole for HIV‐1‐Infected Adults: Results of the Pilot Study in Dakar, Senegal , 2001, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[30]  B. Gazzard,et al.  The changing pattern of AIDS-defining illnesses with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)in a London clinic. , 2001, The Journal of infection.

[31]  M. Molyneux,et al.  Bacteraemia and mortality among adult medical admissions in Malawi--predominance of non-typhi salmonellae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. , 2001, The Journal of infection.

[32]  P. Nibbering,et al.  Enhanced antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine after prior immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected adults. , 2000, Vaccine.

[33]  E. Tacconelli,et al.  Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected subjects. , 2000, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[34]  A. Schuchat,et al.  Evaluation of effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine for HIV-infected patients. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[35]  N. French,et al.  23–valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial , 2000, The Lancet.

[36]  J. Scott,et al.  Aetiology, outcome, and risk factors for mortality among adults with acute pneumonia in Kenya , 2000, The Lancet.

[37]  M. Lindegren,et al.  Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[38]  B. Afessa,et al.  Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV (PIP) Study. , 2000, Chest.

[39]  J. Tokars,et al.  A hospital-based prevalence survey of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Malawi: implications for diagnosis and therapy. , 2000, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[40]  E. Tacconelli,et al.  HIV-associated bacteremia: how it has changed in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. , 2000 .

[41]  Lisa B. Gelling,et al.  Epidemiologic Relation between HIV and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in San Francisco County, California , 2000, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[42]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Effect of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in patients with advanced HIV infection. , 2000, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[43]  M. Cetron,et al.  Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. , 2000, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[44]  J. Gerberding,et al.  Emergence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in the AIDS era. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[45]  G. Beall,et al.  Pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: a case-control survey of factors involved in risk and prevention. , 1999, AIDS.

[46]  J. Ward,et al.  Effects of antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic illness primary chemoprophylaxis on survival after AIDS diagnosis. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. , 1999, AIDS.

[47]  J. Scott,et al.  The burden of pneumococcal disease among adults in developed and developing countries: what is and is not known. , 1999, Vaccine.

[48]  G. Maartens,et al.  Co-trimoxazole in HIV-1 infection , 1999, The Lancet.

[49]  A E Fiore,et al.  Reduction in functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vaccinated elderly individuals highly correlates with decreased IgG antibody avidity. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[50]  C. Feldman,et al.  Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative adults. , 1999, Chest.

[51]  M. Wallace,et al.  Immune activation and virologic response to immunization in recent HIV type 1 seroconverters. , 1999, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[52]  J. Karon,et al.  Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[53]  R. Salamon,et al.  Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[54]  J. Karon,et al.  Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[55]  K. Sepkowitz,et al.  The impact of potent antiretroviral therapy on the characteristics of hospitalized patients with HIV infection. , 1999, AIDS.

[56]  Groeneveld Ph,et al.  Vaccination and HIV-1 replication during highly active antiretroviral therapy. , 1999 .

[57]  P. Hermans.  HIV disease-related neutropenia: an independent risk factor for severe infections. , 1999, AIDS.

[58]  F. Wabwire-mangen,et al.  A prospective study of community-acquired bloodstream infections among febrile adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. , 1998, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association.

[59]  R. Huebner,et al.  The impact of HIV on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in a South African population , 1998, AIDS.

[60]  N. French,et al.  Pneumococcal vaccination in HIV‐1‐infected adults in Uganda: humoral response and two vaccine failures , 1998, AIDS.

[61]  E. Tacconelli,et al.  Bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: analysis of risk factors and prognostic indicators. , 1998, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology.

[62]  M. Wallace,et al.  Once weekly azithromycin therapy for prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with AIDS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. , 1998, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[63]  D. Kuritzkes,et al.  Filgrastim prevents severe neutropenia and reduces infective morbidity in patients with advanced HIV infection: results of a randomized, multicenter, controlled trial , 1998, AIDS.

[64]  Henrik Nielsen,et al.  Rapid loss of specific antibodies after pneumococcal vaccination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[65]  M. Jacobson,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus disease-related neutropenia and the risk of hospitalization for bacterial infection. , 1997, Archives of internal medicine.

[66]  E. Janoff,et al.  Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection, mortality rate, and serogroup distribution among patients with pneumococcal bacteremia at Denver General Hospital, 1984-1994. , 1997, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[67]  R. Breiman,et al.  Prevention of pneumococcal disease : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) , 1997 .

[68]  J. Ojoo,et al.  Responsiveness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected Kenyan women with or without prior pneumococcal disease to pneumococcal vaccine. , 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[69]  L. Brammer,et al.  Influenza surveillance--United States, 1992-93 and 1993-94. , 1997, MMWR. CDC surveillance summaries : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. CDC surveillance summaries.

[70]  J. Rubins,et al.  Invasive pneumococcal disease in the immunocompromised host. , 1997, Microbial drug resistance.

[71]  E. Foerster,et al.  A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of serious infections in adults with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. , 1996, Archives of internal medicine.

[72]  J. Neaton,et al.  Cigarette smoking, bacterial pneumonia, and other clinical outcomes in HIV-1 infection. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. , 1996, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology.

[73]  D. Rimland,et al.  Community‐acquired bacteremia in HIV‐positive patients: protective benefit of co‐trimoxazole , 1996, AIDS (London).

[74]  J. Montaner,et al.  Adherence to guidelines for the prevention of HIV-related respiratory diseases. , 1996, The European respiratory journal.

[75]  C. Farber,et al.  The effects of immunization in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[76]  F. Altice,et al.  Invasive pneumococcal disease: clinical features, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns in cases involving patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. , 1996, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[77]  C. Kemper,et al.  Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both. California Collaborative Treatment Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[78]  T. Peláez,et al.  Recurrent pneumococcal bacteremia. A warning of immunodeficiency. , 1996, Archives of internal medicine.

[79]  G. Castellani,et al.  Community-acquired pneumonia in a cohort of former injection drug users with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: incidence, etiologies, and clinical aspects. , 1996, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[80]  R. Coutinho,et al.  Incidence and risk factors for pneumonia in HIV infected and non-infected drug users. , 1996, The Journal of infection.

[81]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. , 1996, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[82]  F. Plummer,et al.  Invasive pneumococcal disease in a cohort of predominantly HIV-1 infected female sex-workers in Nairobi, Kenya , 1996, The Lancet.

[83]  J. Gerstoft,et al.  Assessments of plasma HIV RNA and CD4 cell counts after combined Pneumovax and tetanus toxoid vaccination: no detectable increase in HIV replication 6 weeks after immunization. , 1996, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[84]  M. Steinhoff,et al.  Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the antibody response to a glycoprotein conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: results from a randomized trial. , 1996, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[85]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Neutropenia and bacterial infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. , 1995, Archives of internal medicine.

[86]  Richard D Moore,et al.  Community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status. , 1995 .

[87]  R. Hirschtick,et al.  Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[88]  A. Hoepelman,et al.  Deficient antipneumococcal polysaccharide responses in HIV-seropositive patients. , 1995, FEMS immunology and medical microbiology.

[89]  E. Tacconelli,et al.  The impact of bacteraemia on HIV infection. Nine years experience in a large Italian university hospital. , 1995, The Journal of infection.

[90]  E. Janoff,et al.  Antibody class and subclass responses to pneumococcal polysaccharides following immunization of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. , 1995, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[91]  P. Van Royen,et al.  Equal IgG antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in all stages of human immunodeficiency virus disease. , 1995, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[92]  M. Wallace,et al.  Response of recent human immunodeficiency virus seroconverters to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. , 1995, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[93]  D. Vlahov,et al.  Drug smoking, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and immunosuppression increase risk of bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive injection drug users. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[94]  B. Marston,et al.  Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality. , 1994, Archives of internal medicine.

[95]  R. Gelber,et al.  A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children receiving zidovudine for advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[96]  N. Clumeck,et al.  Possible role of granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) on the rapid progression of AIDS‐related Kaposi's sarcoma lesions in vivo , 1994, British journal of haematology.

[97]  J. D. de Jong,et al.  Antibody response to influenza, tetanus and pneumococcal vaccines in HIV‐seropositive individuals in relation to the number of CD4+ lymphocytes , 1994, AIDS.

[98]  I. Ocaña,et al.  Bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study of 68 episodes. , 1994, The European respiratory journal.

[99]  J. Prag,et al.  Bacteremia in HIV-positive and AIDS patients: incidence, species distribution, risk-factors, outcome, and influence of long-term prophylactic antibiotic treatment. , 1994, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[100]  H. Waskin,et al.  A controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or aerosolized pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 021. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[101]  P. Selwyn,et al.  Clinical manifestations and predictors of disease progression in drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[102]  W. Gransden,et al.  Recurrent pneumococcal bacteremia. , 1992, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[103]  E. Bouza,et al.  Pneumococcal pneumonia in adult hospitalized patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. , 1992, Archives of internal medicine.

[104]  P. Hopewell,et al.  Pneumococcal Disease during HIV Infection , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[105]  C. Brun-Buisson,et al.  Severe pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults with sickle cell disease. , 1992, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[106]  D. Musher,et al.  Antibody to capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects with 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. , 1992, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[107]  G. Pesola,et al.  Pneumococcal bacteremia with pneumonia. Mortality in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. , 1992, Chest.

[108]  D. Vlahov,et al.  Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccines in men with human immunodeficiency virus infection. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[109]  G. Schiffman,et al.  Zidovudine improves response to pneumococcal vaccine among persons with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. , 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[110]  L. Mofenson,et al.  Intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of bacterial infections in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[111]  A. Schuchat,et al.  Use of surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease to estimate the size of the immunosuppressed HIV-infected population. , 1991, JAMA.

[112]  G. Baldwin,et al.  Combined therapy with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin decreases hematologic toxicity from zidovudine. , 1991, Blood.

[113]  M. Opravil,et al.  Poor antibody response after tetanus and pneumococcal vaccination in immunocompromised, HIV‐infected patients , 1991, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[114]  G. Rutherford,et al.  The role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pneumococcal bacteremia in San Francisco residents. , 1990, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[115]  D. Warrell,et al.  Life-threatening bacteraemia in HIV-1 seropositive adults admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya , 1990, The Lancet.

[116]  B. Salzberger,et al.  High‐Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulins in HIV‐1‐Infected Adults with AIDS‐Related Complex and Walter‐Reed 5 , 1990, Vox sanguinis.

[117]  P. Selwyn,et al.  Response to pneumococcal vaccine among asymptomatic heterosexual partners of persons with AIDS and intravenous drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus. , 1989, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[118]  H. Schlamm,et al.  Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia in young adults with AIDS, ARC, or risk of AIDS. , 1989, The American journal of medicine.

[119]  P. Selwyn,et al.  Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected intravenous drug users without AIDS. , 1988, AIDS.

[120]  M. Lathrop,et al.  Impaired anti-pneumococcal antibody response in patients with AIDS-related persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. , 1987, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[121]  W. R. Mccabe,et al.  Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. , 1987, The American journal of medicine.

[122]  L. Kingsley,et al.  Antibody responses after influenza and pneumococcal immunization in HIV-infected homosexual men. , 1987, JAMA.

[123]  B. Polsky,et al.  Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. , 1986, Annals of internal medicine.

[124]  J. Mills,et al.  Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. , 1984, Annals of internal medicine.

[125]  A. Bisno,et al.  Pneumonia and Hong Kong influenza: a prospective study of the 1968-1969 epidemic , 1971, The American journal of the medical sciences.