Histone modifications in transcriptional regulation.

Covalent modifications of the amino termini of the core histones in nucleosomes have important roles in gene regulation. Research in the past two years reveals these modifications to consist of phosphorylation, methylation and ubiquitination, in addition to the better-characterized acetylation. This multiplicity of modifications, and their occurrence in patterns and dependent sequences, argues persuasively for the existence of a histone code.

[1]  C. Allis,et al.  Methylation of Histone H4 at Arginine 3 Facilitating Transcriptional Activation by Nuclear Hormone Receptor , 2001, Science.

[2]  S. Kunjibettu,et al.  The ATM-related domain of TRRAP is required for histone acetyltransferase recruitment and Myc-dependent oncogenesis. , 2001, Genes & development.

[3]  E. Nicolas,et al.  Transcriptional Repression by the Retinoblastoma Protein through the Recruitment of a Histone Methyltransferase , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[4]  Brian D. Strahl,et al.  Role of Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation in Epigenetic Control of Heterochromatin Assembly , 2001, Science.

[5]  Fred Winston,et al.  Functional Organization of the Yeast SAGA Complex: Distinct Components Involved in Structural Integrity, Nucleosome Acetylation, and TATA-Binding Protein Interaction , 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[6]  Yvonne A. Evrard,et al.  Loss of Gcn5l2 leads to increased apoptosis and mesodermal defects during mouse development , 2000, Nature Genetics.

[7]  Thomas C. Südhof,et al.  A Transcriptively Active Complex of APP with Fe65 and Histone Acetyltransferase Tip60 , 2001, Science.

[8]  R Ohba,et al.  Yeast Gcn5 functions in two multisubunit complexes to acetylate nucleosomal histones: characterization of an Ada complex and the SAGA (Spt/Ada) complex. , 1997, Genes & development.

[9]  J. Workman,et al.  Histone Acetyltransferase Complexes Stabilize SWI/SNF Binding to Promoter Nucleosomes , 2001, Cell.

[10]  P. Grant,et al.  Transcriptional activators direct histone acetyltransferase complexes to nucleosomes , 1998, Nature.

[11]  J. Workman,et al.  Promoter targeting and chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF complex. , 2000, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[12]  S. Berger,et al.  Snf1--a Histone Kinase That Works in Concert with the Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 to Regulate Transcription , 2001, Science.

[13]  B. Turner,et al.  Essential and redundant functions of histone acetylation revealed by mutation of target lysines and loss of the Gcn5p acetyltransferase , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[14]  S. Berger,et al.  Phosphorylation of serine 10 in histone H3 is functionally linked in vitro and in vivo to Gcn5-mediated acetylation at lysine 14. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[15]  Jun Qin,et al.  Involvement of the TIP60 Histone Acetylase Complex in DNA Repair and Apoptosis , 2000, Cell.

[16]  B M Turner,et al.  Histone acetylation and an epigenetic code. , 2000, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[17]  C. Peterson,et al.  Global role for chromatin remodeling enzymes in mitotic gene expression , 2000 .

[18]  M. J. Barratt,et al.  The nucleosomal response associated with immediate‐early gene induction is mediated via alternative MAP kinase cascades: MSK1 as a potential histone H3/HMG‐14 kinase , 1999, The EMBO journal.

[19]  C. Allis,et al.  Correlation Between Histone Lysine Methylation and Developmental Changes at the Chicken β-Globin Locus , 2001, Science.

[20]  S. Berger,et al.  Acetylation of p53 activates transcription through recruitment of coactivators/histone acetyltransferases. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[21]  M. Green,et al.  SAGA is an essential in vivo target of the yeast acidic activator Gal4p. , 2001, Genes & development.

[22]  T. Südhof,et al.  A transcriptionally [correction of transcriptively] active complex of APP with Fe65 and histone acetyltransferase Tip60. , 2001, Science.

[23]  C. Allis,et al.  Signaling to Chromatin through Histone Modifications , 2000, Cell.

[24]  J. Widom,et al.  Effects of histone acetylation on the equilibrium accessibility of nucleosomal DNA target sites. , 2001, Journal of molecular biology.

[25]  V. Corces,et al.  Phosphorylation of histone H3 correlates with transcriptionally active loci. , 2000, Genes & development.

[26]  R. Tjian,et al.  Structure and function of a human TAFII250 double bromodomain module. , 2000, Science.

[27]  P. Grant,et al.  Histone H3 specific acetyltransferases are essential for cell cycle progression. , 2001, Genes & development.

[28]  F. Sauer,et al.  Ubiquitin-activating/conjugating activity of TAFII250, a mediator of activation of gene expression in Drosophila. , 2000, Science.

[29]  Andrew J. Bannister,et al.  Rb targets histone H3 methylation and HP1 to promoters , 2001, Nature.

[30]  D. Sterner,et al.  Acetylation of Histones and Transcription-Related Factors , 2000, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[31]  Karl Mechtler,et al.  Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins , 2001, Nature.

[32]  K. Ozato,et al.  Distinct but overlapping roles of histone acetylase PCAF and of the closely related PCAF-B/GCN5 in mouse embryogenesis. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  J. Workman,et al.  Recruitment of HAT Complexes by Direct Activator Interactions with the ATM-Related Tra1 Subunit , 2001, Science.

[34]  C. Allis,et al.  Histone acetyltransferases. , 2001, Annual review of biochemistry.

[35]  D. Aswad,et al.  Regulation of transcription by a protein methyltransferase. , 1999, Science.

[36]  C. Allis,et al.  Requirement of Rsk-2 for epidermal growth factor-activated phosphorylation of histone H3. , 1999, Science.

[37]  K. Struhl,et al.  Gcn4 activator targets Gcn5 histone acetyltransferase to specific promoters independently of transcription. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[38]  P. Gregory,et al.  A transient histone hyperacetylation signal marks nucleosomes for remodeling at the PHO8 promoter in vivo. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[39]  Lei Zeng,et al.  Structure and ligand of a histone acetyltransferase bromodomain , 1999, Nature.

[40]  K. Nasmyth,et al.  Ordered recruitment of transcription and chromatin remodeling factors to a cell cycle- and developmentally regulated promoter. , 1999, Cell.

[41]  F. Winston,et al.  The S. cerevisiae SAGA complex functions in vivo as a coactivator for transcriptional activation by Gal4. , 2001, Genes & development.

[42]  G. Blobel,et al.  Stimulation of CREB Binding Protein Nucleosomal Histone Acetyltransferase Activity by a Class of Transcriptional Activators , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[43]  B. Viollet,et al.  Transcription factor‐dependent regulation of CBP and P/CAF histone acetyltransferase activity , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[44]  Andrew J. Bannister,et al.  Selective recognition of methylated lysine 9 on histone H3 by the HP1 chromo domain , 2001, Nature.

[45]  K. Yamamoto,et al.  ATP-driven chromatin remodeling activity and histone acetyltransferases act sequentially during transactivation by RAR/RXR In vitro. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[46]  I. Talianidis,et al.  Acetylation regulates transcription factor activity at multiple levels. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[47]  R. Kingston,et al.  Histone acetylation and hSWI/SNF remodeling act in concert to stimulate V(D)J cleavage of nucleosomal DNA. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[48]  C. Allis,et al.  Synergistic coupling of histone H3 phosphorylation and acetylation in response to epidermal growth factor stimulation. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[49]  Michael Grunstein,et al.  Global histone acetylation and deacetylation in yeast , 2000, Nature.

[50]  Dimitris Thanos,et al.  Ordered Recruitment of Chromatin Modifying and General Transcription Factors to the IFN-β Promoter , 2000, Cell.

[51]  M. Osley,et al.  Rad6-dependent ubiquitination of histone H2B in yeast. , 2000, Science.

[52]  P. McNamara,et al.  Regulation of Histone Acetylation and Transcription by INHAT, a Human Cellular Complex Containing the Set Oncoprotein , 2001, Cell.

[53]  D. Stillman,et al.  Multiple links between the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex and epigenetic control of transcription. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[54]  D. Housman,et al.  Histone deacetylase inhibitors arrest polyglutamine-dependent neurodegeneration in Drosophila , 2001, Nature.

[55]  C. Ponting,et al.  Regulation of chromatin structure by site-specific histone H3 methyltransferases , 2000, Nature.

[56]  C. Allis,et al.  The language of covalent histone modifications , 2000, Nature.

[57]  C. Allis,et al.  Roles of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in gene regulation , 1998, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[58]  Q. Ren,et al.  Histone H2A.Z acetylation modulates an essential charge patch. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[59]  Anthony C. Willis,et al.  Rapid histone H3 phosphorylation in response to growth factors, phorbol esters, okadaic acid, and protein synthesis inhibitors , 1991, Cell.

[60]  J. Hayes,et al.  The H3-H4 N-Terminal Tail Domains Are the Primary Mediators of Transcription Factor IIIA Access to 5S DNA within a Nucleosome , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[61]  Ken-ichi Noma,et al.  Transitions in Distinct Histone H3 Methylation Patterns at the Heterochromatin Domain Boundaries , 2001, Science.

[62]  L. Guarente,et al.  Transcriptional coactivators in yeast and beyond. , 1995, Trends in biochemical sciences.