Changes within the thyroid axis during the course of critical illness.

[1]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  The type II iodothyronine deiodinase is up-regulated in skeletal muscle during prolonged critical illness. , 2007, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[2]  V. Darras,et al.  Abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism in mice lacking the monocarboxylate transporter 8. , 2007, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[3]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Thyroid hormone receptor isoform expression in livers of critically ill patients. , 2007, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[4]  E. Fliers,et al.  Chronic local inflammation in mice results in decreased TRH and type 3 deiodinase mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus independently of diminished food intake. , 2006, The Journal of endocrinology.

[5]  T. Visser,et al.  Thyroid hormone transport by the human monocarboxylate transporter 8 and its rate-limiting role in intracellular metabolism. , 2006, Molecular endocrinology.

[6]  A. Bianco,et al.  Deiodinases: implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action. , 2006, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[7]  A. Bianco,et al.  Characterization of the Nuclear Factor-κB Responsiveness of the Human dio2 Gene , 2006 .

[8]  R. Koenig,et al.  Induction of type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase to prevent the nonthyroidal illness syndrome in mice. , 2006, Endocrinology.

[9]  C. Fekete,et al.  Role of melanocortin signaling in the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis , 2006, Peptides.

[10]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Changes within the GH/IGF-I/IGFBP axis in critical illness. , 2006, Critical care clinics.

[11]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Tissue deiodinase activity during prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone-releasing peptide-2. , 2005, Endocrinology.

[12]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Tissue thyroid hormone levels in critical illness. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[13]  W. Wiersinga,et al.  Induction of type 3 deiodinase activity in inflammatory cells of mice with chronic local inflammation. , 2005, Endocrinology.

[14]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Increased thyroxine sulfate levels in critically ill patients as a result of a decreased hepatic type I deiodinase activity. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[15]  W. Hop,et al.  Euthyroid sick syndrome in meningococcal sepsis: the impact of peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism and binding proteins. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[16]  A. Bianco,et al.  Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is independent of the LPS-induced fall in serum thyroid hormone levels , 2005, Brain Research.

[17]  J. Harney,et al.  Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans. , 2005, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[18]  P. Larsen,et al.  Cellular and structural biology of the deiodinases. , 2005, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[19]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with postmortem tissue deiodinase activities. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[20]  E. Fliers,et al.  Neuroanatomical pathways for thyroid hormone feedback in the human hypothalamus. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[21]  W. Rand,et al.  Ascending brainstem pathways are not involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced suppression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. , 2005, Endocrinology.

[22]  E. Fliers,et al.  Simultaneous changes in central and peripheral components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute illness in mice. , 2004, The Journal of endocrinology.

[23]  B. Demeneix,et al.  Thyroid status co‐regulates thyroid hormone receptor and co‐modulator genes specifically in the hypothalamus , 2004, FEBS letters.

[24]  W. Rand,et al.  Lipopolysaccharide induces type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus: implications for the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. , 2004, Endocrinology.

[25]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Is There Still a Place for Dopamine in the Modern Intensive Care Unit? , 2004, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[26]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Endocrine and metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) compared with GH-releasing peptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and insulin infusion in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. , 2004, Endocrinology.

[27]  S. Ishikawa,et al.  Functional Characterization of Rat Brain-specific Organic Anion Transporter (Oatp14) at the Blood-Brain Barrier , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[28]  T. Visser,et al.  Identification of Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 as a Specific Thyroid Hormone Transporter* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[29]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Reduced activation and increased inactivation of thyroid hormone in tissues of critically ill patients. , 2003, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[30]  G. Berghe.  Dynamic neuroendocrine responses to critical illness , 2002, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.

[31]  G. Folkers,et al.  Identification of a novel human organic anion transporting polypeptide as a high affinity thyroxine transporter. , 2002, Molecular endocrinology.

[32]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  The combined administration of GH‐releasing peptide‐2 (GHRP‐2), TRH and GnRH to men with prolonged critical illness evokes superior endocrine and metabolic effects compared to treatment with GHRP‐2 alone , 2002, Clinical endocrinology.

[33]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  A novel in vivo rabbit model of hypercatabolic critical illness reveals a biphasic neuroendocrine stress response. , 2002, Endocrinology.

[34]  P. Larsen,et al.  Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. , 2002, Endocrine reviews.

[35]  V. Kyriazopoulou,et al.  Dissociation of the early decline in serum T(3) concentration and serum IL-6 rise and TNFalpha in nonthyroidal illness syndrome induced by abdominal surgery. , 2001, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[36]  P. Yen,et al.  Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. , 2001, Physiological reviews.

[37]  T. Hökfelt,et al.  Effect of LPS administration on the expression of POMC, NPY, galanin, CART and MCH mRNAs in the rat hypothalamus. , 2001, Brain research. Molecular brain research.

[38]  E. Fliers,et al.  Decreased neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the infundibular nucleus of patients with nonthyroidal illness , 2001, Peptides.

[39]  R. Koenig,et al.  Regulation of Hepatocyte Thyroxine 5′-Deiodinase by T3 and Nuclear Receptor Coactivators as a Model of the Sick Euthyroid Syndrome* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[40]  J. Köhrle,et al.  Effects of proinflammatory cytokines on anterior pituitary 5'-deiodinase type I and type II. , 2000, The Journal of endocrinology.

[41]  J. Harney,et al.  Selective proteolysis of human type 2 deiodinase: a novel ubiquitin-proteasomal mediated mechanism for regulation of hormone activation. , 2000, Molecular Endocrinology.

[42]  M. Bettendorf,et al.  Tri-iodothyronine treatment in children after cardiac surgery: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study , 2000, The Lancet.

[43]  A. Butte,et al.  Severe hypothyroidism caused by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in infantile hemangiomas. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[44]  G. V. Berghe,et al.  Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness , 2000 .

[45]  Clifford B. Saper,et al.  Leptin Regulation of Neuroendocrine Systems , 2000, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.

[46]  M. Yap,et al.  Concordant decreases of thyroxine and thyroxine binding protein concentrations during sepsis. , 2000, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[47]  M. Yap,et al.  Selective consumption of thyroxine-binding globulin during cardiac bypass surgery. , 2000, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[48]  S. Rivest,et al.  Effects of circulating tumor necrosis factor on the neuronal activity and expression of the genes encoding the tumor necrosis factor receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain: a view from the blood–brain barrier , 1999, Neuroscience.

[49]  D. Zimmerman.  Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism. , 1999, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[50]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone-releasing peptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with protracted critical illness. , 1999, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[51]  H. van Toor,et al.  Ontogeny of iodothyronine deiodinases in human liver. , 1998, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[52]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Clinical review 95: Acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms. , 1998, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[53]  T. Horvath,et al.  Fasting-induced increase in type II iodothyronine deiodinase activity and messenger ribonucleic acid levels is not reversed by thyroxine in the rat hypothalamus. , 1998, Endocrinology.

[54]  H. Glatt,et al.  Characterization of thyroid hormone sulfotransferases. , 1998, Chemico-biological interactions.

[55]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Neuroendocrinology of prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone secretagogues. , 1998, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[56]  E. Krenning,et al.  The significance of plasma membrane transport in the bioavailability of thyroid hormone. , 1998, Clinical endocrinology.

[57]  E. Fliers,et al.  Decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in patients with nonthyroidal illness. , 1997, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[58]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness: dynamics of spontaneous secretion and effects of growth hormone‐secretagogues , 1997, Clinical endocrinology.

[59]  W. Wiersinga,et al.  Immunoneutralization of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6 or interferon does not prevent the LPS-induced sick euthyroid syndrome in mice. , 1997, The Journal of endocrinology.

[60]  J. Harney,et al.  Molecular biological and biochemical characterization of the human type 2 selenodeiodinase. , 1996, Endocrinology.

[61]  W. Wiersinga,et al.  Relationship between serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine and serum interleukin-8, interleukin-10 or interferonγ in patients with nonthyroidal illness , 1996, Journal of endocrinological investigation.

[62]  G. Van den Berghe,et al.  Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in critical illness: from a dopamine-dependent test to a strategy for increasing low serum triiodothyronine, prolactin, and growth hormone concentrations. , 1996, Critical care medicine.

[63]  M. Sabljar-Matovinović,et al.  Thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid diseases in chronic renal failure. , 1996, Endocrine reviews.

[64]  J. Leonard,et al.  Intracellular pathways of iodothyro-nine metabolism , 1996 .

[65]  N. Szeverenyi,et al.  Effects of fasting, intermittent feeding, or continuous parenteral nutrition on rat liver and brain energy metabolism as assessed by 31P-NMR , 1995, Physiology & Behavior.

[66]  W. Wiersinga,et al.  The role of cytokines in the lipopolysaccharide-induced sick euthyroid syndrome in mice. , 1995, The Journal of endocrinology.

[67]  B. Bernard,et al.  Impaired thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine handling by rat hepatocytes in the presence of serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness. , 1995, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[68]  T. van der Poll,et al.  Interleukin-1 receptor blockade does not affect endotoxin-induced changes in plasma thyroid hormone and thyrotropin concentrations in man. , 1995, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[69]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Prediction of outcome in intensive care patients using endocrine parameters. , 1995, Critical care medicine.

[70]  F. Zegher,et al.  Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness , 1994, Clinical endocrinology.

[71]  W. Roediger,et al.  Endocrine and cytokine changes during elective surgery. , 1994, Journal of clinical pathology.

[72]  H. van Toor,et al.  T4 uptake into the perfused rat liver and liver T4 uptake in humans are inhibited by fructose. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[73]  B. Bernard,et al.  Transport of thyroxine into cultured hepatocytes: effects of mild non‐thyroidal illness and calorie restriction in obese subjects , 1994, Clinical endocrinology.

[74]  W. Wiersinga,et al.  Association between serum interleukin-6 and serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in nonthyroidal illness. , 1993, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[75]  E. Krenning,et al.  The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism , 1993, Clinical endocrinology.

[76]  B. A. O'Mara,et al.  Pretranslational regulation of type I 5'-deiodinase by thyroid hormones and in fasted and diabetic rats. , 1993, Endocrinology.

[77]  M. Kaplan,et al.  Reduced tissue thyroid hormone levels in fatal illness. , 1993, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[78]  T. Visser,et al.  Transport and metabolism of iodothyronines in cultured human hepatocytes. , 1993, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[79]  H. van Toor,et al.  Inhibition of thyroxine transport into cultured rat hepatocytes by serum of nonuremic critically ill patients: effects of bilirubin and nonesterified fatty acids. , 1993, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[80]  F. Santini,et al.  A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine sulfate: studies in thyroidal and nonthyroidal diseases, pregnancy, and neonatal life. , 1992, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[81]  T. van der Poll,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor: a putative mediator of the sick euthyroid syndrome in man. , 1990, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[82]  J. Harney,et al.  Thyroid hormone aporeceptor represses T3-inducible promoters and blocks activity of the retinoic acid receptor. , 1989, The New biologist.

[83]  M. Lamy,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans. , 1989, Critical care medicine.

[84]  T. Visser,et al.  Serum triiodothyronine sulfate in man measured by radioimmunoassay. , 1989, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[85]  P. Larsen,et al.  Inhibition of thyroid hormone action by a non-hormone binding c-erbA protein generated by alternative mRNA splicing , 1989, Nature.

[86]  T. Visser,et al.  Carrier-mediated transport of thyroid hormone into rat hepatocytes is rate-limiting in total cellular uptake and metabolism. , 1986, Endocrinology.

[87]  G. Brent,et al.  Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration. , 1986, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[88]  P. Hamblin,et al.  Relationship between thyrotropin and thyroxine changes during recovery from severe hypothyroxinemia of critical illness. , 1986, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[89]  S. Refetoff,et al.  Measurement of thyroxine uptake from serum by cultured human hepatocytes as an index of thyroid status: reduced thyroxine uptake from serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness. , 1985, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[90]  A. Mason,et al.  Alterations of mental status and thyroid hormones after thermal injury. , 1985, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[91]  J. Mead,et al.  Evidence for an inhibitor of extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in sera of patients with nonthyroidal illnesses. , 1985, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[92]  R. Williams,et al.  Williams Textbook of endocrinology , 1985 .

[93]  C. Mariash,et al.  Starvation and hypothyroidism exert an overlapping influence on rat hepatic messenger RNA activity profiles. , 1983, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[94]  A. Mason,et al.  Hypermetabolic low triiodothyronine syndrome of burn injury , 1982, Critical care medicine.

[95]  V. Bacci,et al.  The relationship between serum triiodothyronine and thyrotropin during systemic illness. , 1982, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[96]  T. Visser,et al.  Decreased transport of thyroxine (T4), 3,3′‐5‐triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3′,5′‐triiodothyronine (rT3) into rat hepatocytes in primary culture due to a decrease of cellular ATP content and various drugs , 1982, FEBS letters.

[97]  K. Burman,et al.  Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the "euthyroid sick syndrome". , 1982, Endocrine reviews.

[98]  P. Larsen,et al.  An analysis of the sources and quantity of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine specifically bound to nuclear receptors in rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum. , 1982, Endocrinology.

[99]  P. Larsen,et al.  Relationships between circulating and intracellular thyroid hormones: physiological and clinical implications. , 1981, Endocrine reviews.

[100]  R. Utiger.  Decreased extrathyroidal triiodothyronine production in nonthyroidal illness: benefit or harm? , 1980, The American journal of medicine.

[101]  K. Burman,et al.  Uremia decreases nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptors in rats. , 1980, Endocrinology.

[102]  C. Stanley,et al.  Effect of tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation. , 1979, The New England journal of medicine.

[103]  C. Eastman,et al.  INHIBITION OF CONVERSION OF THYROXINE TO TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE CHRONIC ILLNESS , 1976, Clinical endocrinology.

[104]  D. Solomon,et al.  Reciprocal Changes in Serum Concentrations of 3,3′,5′-Triiodothyronine (Reverse T3) and 3,3′5-Triiodothyronine (T3) in Systemic Illnesses , 1975 .

[105]  P. Beck‐Peccoz,et al.  Reduced Plasma Thyrotropin Response to Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone After Dexamethasone Administration in Normal Subjects , 1973, Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme.

[106]  Sidney H. Ingbar,et al.  The Thyroid Gland. , 1965 .