Inferring Differentiation Order in Adaptive Immune Responses from Population-Level Data

A hallmark of the adaptive immune response is the proliferation of pathogen-specific lymphocytes that leave in their wake a long lived population of cells that provide lasting immunity. A subject of ongoing investigation is when during an adaptive immune response those memory cells are produced. In two ground-breaking studies, Buchholz et al. (Science, 2013) and Gerlach et al. (Science, 2013) employed experimental methods that allowed identification of offspring from individual lymphocytes in vivo, which we call clonal data, at a single time point. Through the development, application and fitting of a mathematical model, Buchholz et al. (Science, 2013) concluded that, if memory is produced during the expansion phase, memory cell precursors are made before the effector cells that clear the original pathogen. We sought to determine the general validity and power of the modeling approach introduced in Buchholz et al. (Science, 2013) for quickly evaluating differentiation networks by adapting it to make it suitable for drawing inferences from more readily available non-clonal phenotypic proportion time-courses. We first established the method drew consistent deductions when fit to the non-clonal data in Buchholz et al. (Science, 2013) itself. We fit a variant of the model to data reported in Badovinac et al. (J. Immun., 2007), Schlub et al. (Immun. & Cell Bio., 2010), and Kinjo et al. (Nature Commun., 2015) with necessary simplifications to match different reported data in these papers. The deduction from the model was consistent with that in Buchholz et al. (Science, 2013), albeit with questionable parameterizations. An alternative possibility, supported by the data in Kinjo et al. (Nature Commun., 2015), is that memory precursors are created after the expansion phase, which is a deduction not possible from the mathematical methods provided in Buchholz et al. (Science, 2013).