The Pursuit of the Solitary

Physical distancing and masking due to COVID-19 were initially thought to magnify isolation and loneliness. Instead, pursuits of the solitary have become socially recognized, valued, and positively appraised as engaging experiences of intense concentration. Solitude that is fostered by direct personal agency, individual choice, and commitment includes a diverse range of repetitive, self-regulating, and goal directed activities. These are theorized to constitute disciplined practices that are importantly connected to periods of cognitive and emotional self-development. These spawn positive emotions that function as ethical safeguards to the hazards of conformity.

[1]  Boaz M. Ben-David,et al.  “Post-lockdown Depression”: Adaptation Difficulties, Depressive Symptoms, and the Role of Positive Solitude When Returning to Routine After the Lifting of Nation-Wide COVID-19 Social Restrictions , 2022, Frontiers in Psychiatry.

[2]  Erin C. Westgate,et al.  A psychologically rich life: Beyond happiness and meaning. , 2021, Psychological review.

[3]  Leigh Morland,et al.  Lone not lonely: Conceptualising the lone consumer servicescape through speciality coffee , 2021 .

[4]  Y. Palgi,et al.  Positive Solitude Scale: Theoretical Background, Development and Validation , 2021, Journal of Happiness Studies.

[5]  David T. Neal,et al.  Habits and Goals in Human Behavior: Separate but Interacting Systems , 2021, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[6]  Will E. Hipson,et al.  Social Withdrawal and Aloneliness in Adolescence: Examining the Implications of Too Much and Not Enough Solitude , 2021, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[7]  J. Holt-Lunstad,et al.  Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review Meta-Analytic Review , 2021 .

[8]  A. C. Simões e Silva,et al.  Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic , 2020, Frontiers in Psychology.

[9]  Y. Palgi,et al.  The Definition and Categories of Positive Solitude: Older and Younger Adults’ Perspectives on Spending Time by Themselves , 2020, International journal of aging & human development.

[10]  J. Thayer,et al.  Stress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes. , 2020, Annual review of psychology.

[11]  P. Pietromonaco,et al.  Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples' relationships. , 2020, The American psychologist.

[12]  A. Terracciano,et al.  The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. , 2020, The American psychologist.

[13]  N. Dailey,et al.  Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19 , 2020, Psychiatry Research.

[14]  A. Steptoe,et al.  Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic , 2020, Public Health.

[15]  David G. Rand,et al.  Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response , 2020, Nature Human Behaviour.

[16]  Heidi Larson,et al.  The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak , 2020, Journal of travel medicine.

[17]  V. Manusov In praise of voluntary solitude: the “fertile void” and its role in communication and relationships , 2020, Atlantic Journal of Communication.

[18]  P. Graf,et al.  By myself and liking it? Predictors of distinct types of solitude experiences in daily life. , 2019, Journal of personality.

[19]  M. Tomasello,et al.  How does inequality affect our sense of moral obligation? , 2019, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[20]  V. Menec,et al.  Loneliness and social isolation of older adults: Why it is important to examine these social aspects together , 2019 .

[21]  Ravi S. Kudesia Mindfulness As Metacognitive Practice , 2017, Academy of Management Review.

[22]  F. B. Alberti This “Modern Epidemic”: Loneliness as an Emotion Cluster and a Neglected Subject in the History of Emotions: , 2018 .

[23]  J. Gross,et al.  Beliefs about emotion: implications for avoidance-based emotion regulation and psychological health , 2018, Cognition & emotion.

[24]  P. Graf,et al.  Choosing Solitude: Age Differences in Situational and Affective Correlates of Solitude-Seeking in Midlife and Older Adulthood. , 2018, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[25]  Soobin Seo,et al.  Why not eat alone? The effect of other consumers on solo dining intentions and the mechanism , 2018 .

[26]  F. F. Caballero,et al.  Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis , 2018, PloS one.

[27]  E. Deci,et al.  Solitude as an Approach to Affective Self-Regulation , 2018, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[28]  J. Holt-Lunstad,et al.  The Potential Public Health Relevance of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors , 2017 .

[29]  Stacey B. Scott,et al.  How We Experience Being Alone: Age Differences in Affective and Biological Correlates of Momentary Solitude. , 2017, Gerontology.

[30]  G. Leavey,et al.  Solitude among contemplative cloistered nuns and monks: conceptualisation, coping and benefits of spiritually motivated solitude , 2017 .

[31]  J. Creswell Mindfulness Interventions. , 2017, Annual review of psychology.

[32]  George R. Milne,et al.  Mindfulness: Its Transformative Potential for Consumer, Societal, and Environmental Well-Being , 2016 .

[33]  R. Sapolsky,et al.  Stress and the brain: individual variability and the inverted-U , 2015, Nature Neuroscience.

[34]  Rebecca W. Hamilton,et al.  Inhibited from Bowling Alone , 2015 .

[35]  Timothy B. Smith,et al.  Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality , 2015, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[36]  J. Gross Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects , 2015 .

[37]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Social Relationships and Health: The Toxic Effects of Perceived Social Isolation. , 2014, Social and personality psychology compass.

[38]  R. Pieters Bidirectional Dynamics of Materialism and Loneliness: Not Just a Vicious Cycle , 2013 .

[39]  J. Wardle,et al.  Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[40]  K. Flegal,et al.  Association of All-Cause Mortality With Overweight and Obesity Using Standard Body Mass Index Categories , 2012 .

[41]  Brandon H Hidaka Depression as a disease of modernity: explanations for increasing prevalence. , 2012, Journal of affective disorders.

[42]  L. Hawkley,et al.  Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms , 2010, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[43]  Vanessa M. Patrick,et al.  Psychological Distancing: Why Happiness Helps You See the Big Picture , 2009 .

[44]  K. Vohs,et al.  Self-Regulation, Ego Depletion, and Motivation , 2007 .

[45]  Pauline Maclaran,et al.  A Space of One's Own:: Women's Magazine Consumption Within Family Life , 2007 .

[46]  Bert N. Uchino,et al.  Social Support and Health: A Review of Physiological Processes Potentially Underlying Links to Disease Outcomes , 2006, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[47]  J. Barbour The Value of Solitude: The Ethics and Spirituality of Aloneness in Autobiography , 2004 .

[48]  Christopher R. Long,et al.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Solitude Experiences: Varieties, Settings, and Individual Differences , 2022 .

[49]  A. Bandura Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. , 1999, Annual review of psychology.

[50]  Robert D. Putnam,et al.  Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community , 2000, CSCW '00.

[51]  E. Deci,et al.  The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior , 2000 .

[52]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[53]  W. James Varieties of Religious Experience , 2008 .

[54]  D. Riesman,et al.  The Lonely Crowd , 2017 .

[55]  W. James The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (Centenary Edition) , 2002 .