Psychology Research and Behavior Management Dovepress Comorbidity and Confounding Factors in Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder and Sleep Disorders in Children

Sleep problems are commonly reported in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Research data regarding the complex and reciprocal relationship between ADHD and sleep disturbances has now accumulated. This paper is focused on the types of sleep problems that are associated with ADHD symptomatology, and attempts to untangle confounding factors and overlapping symptoms. The goal is also to present an updated overview of the pathophysiology of and treatment strategies for sleep problems in children with ADHD. The review also points out that future research will be needed to clarify further the other psychiatric comorbidities and side effects of medication in order to improve treatment outcomes and prevent misdiagnosis in clinical practice.

[1]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Pharmacological treatment of ADHD and the short and long term effects on sleep. , 2011, Current pharmaceutical design.

[2]  A. Walters,et al.  L-Dopa improves Restless Legs Syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep but not Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder in a double-blind trial in children. , 2011, Sleep medicine.

[3]  D. Gozal,et al.  Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , 2011, Expert review of neurotherapeutics.

[4]  S. Nevsimalova,et al.  Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a two-night polysomnographic study with a multiple sleep latency test. , 2010, Sleep medicine.

[5]  B. Galland,et al.  The sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on and off methylphenidate: a matched case–control study , 2009, Journal of sleep research.

[6]  O. Bruni,et al.  Sleep disorders in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) recorded overnight by video-polysomnography. , 2009, Sleep medicine.

[7]  T. Porkka-Heiskanen,et al.  Short Sleep Duration and Behavioral Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Healthy 7- to 8-Year-Old Children , 2009, Pediatrics.

[8]  J. Owens,et al.  Subjective and objective measures of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2009, Sleep medicine.

[9]  J. Carrier,et al.  Sleep disturbances in prepubertal children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a home polysomnography study. , 2009, Sleep.

[10]  S. Faraone,et al.  Effects of Once-Daily Oral and Transdermal Methylphenidate on Sleep Behavior of Children With ADHD , 2009, Journal of attention disorders.

[11]  J. Owens.  Sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , 2008, Current psychiatry reports.

[12]  D. Picchietti,et al.  Early manifestations of restless legs syndrome in childhood and adolescence. , 2008, Sleep medicine.

[13]  H. Egger,et al.  Parent-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology and sleep problems in a preschool-age pediatric clinic sample. , 2008, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[14]  E. Bixler,et al.  ADHD subtypes and comorbid anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder: differences in sleep problems. , 2008, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[15]  C. G. Lim,et al.  Sleep disturbances in Singaporean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 2008, Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.

[16]  H. Hiscock,et al.  Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: prevalence and the effect on the child and family. , 2008, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[17]  N. Bilenberg,et al.  Actigraphic and parental reports of sleep difficulties in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2008, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[18]  P. Corkum,et al.  Acute impact of immediate release methylphenidate administered three times a day on sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2007, Journal of pediatric psychology.

[19]  R. Chervin,et al.  DSM-IV diagnoses and obstructive sleep apnea in children before and 1 year after adenotonsillectomy. , 2007, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[20]  I. Arnulf,et al.  Impact of restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. , 2007, Sleep medicine.

[21]  T. Banaschewski,et al.  Sleep patterns in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder, and comorbidity. , 2007, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[22]  Golda S. Ginsburg,et al.  Sleep-related problems among children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. , 2007, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[23]  K. Schuh,et al.  Effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on sleep in children with ADHD. , 2006, Sleep.

[24]  Jyotsna Nair,et al.  Clinical review: evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in children. , 2006, Missouri medicine.

[25]  David Gozal,et al.  NREM sleep instability is reduced in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2006, Sleep.

[26]  D. Gozal,et al.  Sleep complaints and psychiatric symptoms in children evaluated at a pediatric mental health clinic. , 2006, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

[27]  G. Stores,et al.  Actigraphic and parent reports of sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 2005, Sleep.

[28]  I. Arnulf,et al.  Restless legs syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of the literature. , 2005, Sleep.

[29]  J. Owens.  The ADHD and Sleep Conundrum: A Review , 2005, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP.

[30]  R. Chervin,et al.  Snoring predicts hyperactivity four years later. , 2005, Sleep.

[31]  I. Arnulf,et al.  Ropinirole in a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless legs syndrome. , 2005, Pediatric neurology.

[32]  M. Silber,et al.  Childhood‐onset restless legs syndrome , 2004, Annals of neurology.

[33]  I. Arnulf,et al.  Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2004, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[34]  D. Gozal,et al.  Sleep in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2004, Minerva pediatrica.

[35]  S. Ancoli-Israel,et al.  Sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review of naturalistic and stimulant intervention studies. , 2004, Sleep medicine reviews.

[36]  K. Burgess,et al.  No Evidence of Sleep Apnea in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 2004, Clinical pediatrics.

[37]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Sleep disorders in Taiwanese children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder , 2004, Journal of sleep research.

[38]  A. Walters,et al.  Some children with growing pains may actually have restless legs syndrome. , 2004, Sleep.

[39]  S. Uchida,et al.  Clonidine effects on all‐night human sleep: Opposite action of low‐ and medium‐dose clonidine on human NREM–REM sleep proportion , 2004, Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[40]  V. Kirk,et al.  Periodic limb movements in children: prevalence in a referred population. , 2004, Sleep.

[41]  E. Shahar,et al.  Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. , 2004, Sleep.

[42]  A. Sadeh,et al.  Sleep and neurobehavioral functioning in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and no reported breathing problems. , 2004, Sleep.

[43]  T. Banaschewski,et al.  Is there a specific polysomnographic sleep pattern in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? , 2004, Journal of sleep research.

[44]  Debra E Weese-Mayer,et al.  Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in 5-year-old children are associated with sleepiness and problem behaviors. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[45]  D. Gozal,et al.  Periodic limb movement disorder of sleep in children , 2003, Journal of sleep research.

[46]  Richard P Allen,et al.  Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. , 2003, Sleep medicine.

[47]  C. Mervis,et al.  Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[48]  R. Chervin,et al.  Associations between symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, restless legs, and periodic leg movements. , 2002, Sleep.

[49]  M. Kryger,et al.  Low body stores of iron and restless legs syndrome: a correctable cause of insomnia in adolescents and teenagers. , 2002, Sleep medicine.

[50]  R. Chervin,et al.  Inattention, hyperactivity, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. , 2002, Pediatrics.

[51]  R. Chervin,et al.  Clinical prediction of periodic leg movements during sleep in children. , 2001, Sleep medicine.

[52]  Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit,et al.  Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[53]  R. Chervin,et al.  Hyperactivity and polysomnographic findings in children evaluated for sleep-disordered breathing. , 2001, Sleep.

[54]  R Tannock,et al.  Actigraphy and parental ratings of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). , 2001, Sleep.

[55]  Michel Lecendreux,et al.  High levels of nocturnal activity in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: A video analysis , 2001, Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[56]  H. Feldman,et al.  Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[57]  J. Connor,et al.  Insight into the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome , 2000, Journal of neuroscience research.

[58]  M. Bouvard,et al.  Sleep and alertness in children with ADHD. , 2000, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[59]  M. Msall,et al.  Parental and self-report of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2000, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[60]  J. Connor,et al.  Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome , 2000, Neurology.

[61]  A. Sadeh,et al.  Instability of sleep patterns in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2000, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[62]  A. Walters,et al.  Dopaminergic therapy in children with restless legs/periodic limb movements in sleep and ADHD. Dopaminergic Therapy Study Group. , 2000, Pediatric neurology.

[63]  A. Walters,et al.  Further studies on periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1999, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[64]  A. Walters,et al.  Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Restless Legs Syndrome in Children With Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 1998, Journal of child neurology.

[65]  R. Chervin,et al.  Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children. , 1997, Sleep.

[66]  A. Sadeh,et al.  Sleep quality in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An actigraphic study , 1997, Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[67]  J. Rabe-Jabłońska,et al.  [Affective disorders in the fourth edition of the classification of mental disorders prepared by the American Psychiatric Association -- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders]. , 1993, Psychiatria polska.

[68]  Larry B. Silver,et al.  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment , 1991 .

[69]  B. Kaplan,et al.  Sleep disturbance in preschool-aged hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. , 1987, Pediatrics.

[70]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness. , 1986, Sleep.

[71]  E. Denhoff,et al.  Hyperkinetic behavior syndrome in children. , 1957, The Journal of pediatrics.

[72]  H. Shah,et al.  Sleep Disturbances in Children with Attention - Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Comparative Study with Healthy Siblings. , 2016, Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent.

[73]  M. Mayo,et al.  Improved behavior and sleep after adenotonsillectomy in children with sleep-disordered breathing: long-term follow-up. , 2009, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[74]  I. Arnulf,et al.  Effects of iron supplementation on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. , 2008, Pediatric neurology.

[75]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with obstructive sleep apnea: a treatment outcome study. , 2007, Sleep medicine.

[76]  S. Shur-Fen Gau.  Prevalence of sleep problems and their association with inattention/hyperactivity among children aged 6-15 in Taiwan. , 2006, Journal of sleep research.

[77]  S. Faraone,et al.  Sleep disturbances associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the impact of psychiatric comorbidity and pharmacotherapy. , 2000, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[78]  M. Stein.  Unravelling sleep problems in treated and untreated children with ADHD. , 1999, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[79]  Abraham Weizman,et al.  Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report. , 1997, Neuropsychobiology.