LIVER REGENERATION: MECHANISMS, MYSTERIES AND MORE

Background:  Liver regeneration remains a fascinating topic, still partly clouded to many as to the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms that bring about this phenomenon. It is an area, therefore, of active research today. This review looks at the recent published reports that have led to a greater understanding of this process.

[1]  H. Shimada,et al.  Treatment for multiple bilobar liver metastases of colorectal cancer , 2006, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[2]  J. Lai,et al.  Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on remnant liver after hepatectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis. , 2004, World journal of gastroenterology.

[3]  J. Ji,et al.  Surgical treatment of liver metastases of colorectal cancer: Strategies and controversies in 2006. , 2006, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[4]  E. Abdalla,et al.  Portal vein embolization in preparation for major hepatic resection: evolution of a new standard of care. , 2005, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[5]  G. Lou,et al.  Effects of acute ethanol exposure on polyamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in the regenerating liver. , 1999, Alcohol.

[6]  O. Götze,et al.  Anaphylatoxin C5a Actions in Rat Liver: Synergistic Enhancement by C5a of Lipopolysaccharide-Dependent α2-Macroglobulin Gene Expression in Hepatocytes Via IL-6 Release from Kupffer Cells1 , 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

[7]  T. de Baère,et al.  Simultaneous percutaneous right portal vein embolization and left liver tumor radiofrequency ablation prior to a major right hepatic resection for bilateral colorectal metastases. , 2004, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[8]  J. M. Llanos,et al.  The circadian optimal time for hepatectomy in the study of liver regeneration. , 1985, Chronobiology international.

[9]  G. Michalopoulos,et al.  Induction of DNA synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes through stimulation of alpha 1 adrenoreceptor by norepinephrine. , 1985, Science.

[10]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Measurement of liver volume and hepatic functional reserve as a guide to decision‐making in resectional surgery for hepatic tumors , 1997 .

[11]  D. Labrecque,et al.  Liver regeneration: a picture emerges from the puzzle. , 1994, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[12]  M. Oppermann,et al.  Differential effects of human anaphylatoxin C3a on glucose output and flow in rat liver during orthograde and retrograde perfusion: the periportal scavenger cell hypothesis. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[13]  M. Grompe The Role of Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Liver Regeneration , 2003, Seminars in liver disease.

[14]  N. Fausto,et al.  Role of growth factors and cytokines in hepatic regeneration , 1995, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[15]  S. Poulsen,et al.  Adrenergic effects on secretion of epidermal growth factor from Brunner's glands. , 1985, Gut.

[16]  S. Miyagawa,et al.  [Liver regeneration after hepatectomy]. , 2004, Nihon Geka Gakkai zasshi.

[17]  C. Couinaud,et al.  Liver Anatomy: Portal (and Suprahepatic) or Biliary Segmentation , 2000, Digestive Surgery.

[18]  G. Michalopoulos,et al.  Control of hepatocyte replication by two serum factors. , 1984, Cancer research.

[19]  G. Michalopoulos,et al.  Norepinephrine and epidermal growth factor: Dynamics of their interaction in the stimulation of hepatocyte DNA synthesis , 1985, Journal of cellular physiology.

[20]  M. Nagino,et al.  Changes in hepatic lobe volume in biliary tract cancer patients after right portal vein embolization , 1995, Hepatology.

[21]  S. Kim,et al.  Postoperative liver regeneration and complication in live liver donor after partial hepatectomy for living donor liver transplantation. , 2003, Yonsei medical journal.

[22]  E. Furth,et al.  Liver Failure and Defective Hepatocyte Regeneration in Interleukin-6-Deficient Mice , 1996, Science.

[23]  Hai Liu,et al.  Portal vein embolization before major hepatectomy. , 2005, World journal of gastroenterology.

[24]  Y. Laperche Le cellules ovales et la régénération du foie , 2003 .

[25]  Artur Zimmermann,et al.  Liver regeneration: the emergence of new pathways. , 2002, Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research.

[26]  R. O. Recknagel,et al.  Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity. , 1989, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[27]  K. Do,et al.  Standardized measurement of the future liver remnant prior to extended liver resection: methodology and clinical associations. , 2000, Surgery.

[28]  G. Michalopoulos,et al.  Altered responses of regenerating hepatocytes to norepinephrine and transforming growth factor type β , 1989, Journal of cellular physiology.

[29]  S. Thorgeirsson,et al.  Hepatocyte growth factor/c-met signaling pathway is required for efficient liver regeneration and repair. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  Streaming. , 2020, The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne.

[31]  N. Nagasue,et al.  Human liver regeneration after major hepatic resection. A study of normal liver and livers with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. , 1987, Annals of surgery.

[32]  J. Neuberger,et al.  Morphogenesis of primary human biliary epithelial cells: Induction in high‐density culture or by coculture with autologous human hepatocytes , 2001, Hepatology.

[33]  J. Olynyk,et al.  Oval cell‐mediated liver regeneration: Role of cytokines and growth factors , 2003, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[34]  Y. Yamaoka,et al.  Graft size assessment by preoperative computed tomography in living related partial liver transplantation , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[35]  C. Carnovale,et al.  Role of nitric oxide increase on induced programmed cell death during early stages of rat liver regeneration. , 2004, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[36]  P. Godowski,et al.  In vivo response of hepatocytes to growth factors requires an initial priming stimulus , 1994, Hepatology.

[37]  A. Burt,et al.  Anti‐hepatocyte growth factor antibody inhibits hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration , 1998, The Journal of pathology.

[38]  L. Blumgart,et al.  Experimental atrophy/hypertrophy complex (AHC) of the liver: portal vein, but not bile duct obstruction, is the main driving force for the development of AHC in the rat. , 1995, Journal of hepatology.

[39]  M. Moser,et al.  Immediate-Early Protooncogene Expression and Liver Function Following Various Extents of Partial Hepatectomy in the Rat , 2001, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[40]  J. Sulon,et al.  Importance of cell kinetics rhythmicity for the control of cell proliferation and carcinogenesis in rat liver (review). , 1995, In vivo.

[41]  P. Steinberg,et al.  Hepatocyte growth factor exerts a proliferative effect on oval cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. , 2003, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[42]  J. Grisham,et al.  A morphologic study of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and cell proliferation in regenerating rat liver; autoradiography with thymidine-H3. , 1962, Cancer research.

[43]  T. Starzl,et al.  Liver regeneration in dogs: morphologic and chemical changes. , 1978, The Journal of surgical research.

[44]  T. Pineau,et al.  Immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis in mice lacking the dioxin-binding Ah receptor , 1995, Science.

[45]  G. Higgins,et al.  Experimental pathology of the liver , 1931 .

[46]  Y. Nakajima,et al.  Efficacy and safety of preoperative percutaneous transhepatic portal embolization with absolute ethanol: a clinical study. , 1997, Surgery.

[47]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Morphological Regeneration and Hepatic Functional Mass after Right Hemihepatectomy , 2006, Digestive Surgery.

[48]  K. Matsumoto,et al.  Hepatocyte growth factor: molecular structure, roles in liver regeneration, and other biological functions. , 1992, Critical reviews in oncogenesis.

[49]  N. Bucher REGENERATION OF MAMMALIAN LIVER. , 1963, International review of cytology.

[50]  H. Kinoshita,et al.  Extension of surgical indications for hepatocellular carcinoma by portal vein embolization , 2005, World Journal of Surgery.

[51]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Preoperative portal embolization to increase safety of major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma: a preliminary report. , 1990, Surgery.

[52]  P. Schnyder,et al.  Portal vein embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate before partial hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and underlying cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis. , 2005, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[53]  M. Makuuchi,et al.  Hepatic lobar atrophy following obstruction of the ipsilateral portal vein from hilar cholangiocarcinoma. , 1986, Radiology.

[54]  N. Bucher,et al.  Regeneration of Rat Liver: Transfer of Humoral Agent by Cross Circulation , 1967, Science.

[55]  S. Fan,et al.  Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[56]  M. Wright Immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis in mice lacking the dioxin-binding Ah receptor. , 1996, Human & experimental toxicology.

[57]  R. Cotran,et al.  MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES (KUPFFER CELLS) AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS , 1972, The Journal of cell biology.

[58]  Hartmut Mrabes,et al.  ANALYSIS OF CELL CYCLE COMPARTMENTS OF HEPATOCYTES AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY , 1976, Cell and tissue kinetics.

[59]  R. Anderson,et al.  Experimental pathology of liver: restoration of liver in white rat following partial surgical removal , 1931 .

[60]  L. Price,et al.  LIVER REGENERATION AND SURGICAL OUTCOME IN DONORS OF RIGHT‐LOBE LIVER GRAFTS , 2003, Transplantation.

[61]  G. Michalopoulos,et al.  The processing and utilization of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor following partial hepatectomy in the rat , 2001, Hepatology.

[62]  W. Russell,et al.  Integral role of the EGF receptor in HGF-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. , 2002, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[63]  P. Carmeliet,et al.  Plasminogen mediates liver regeneration and angiogenesis after experimental partial hepatectomy , 2003, The British journal of surgery.

[64]  T. Muramatsu,et al.  The role of midkine and pleiotrophin in liver regeneration , 2004, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[65]  S. Fan,et al.  Portal vein embolisation prior to extended right-sided hepatic resection. , 2005, Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi.

[66]  G. Zajicek,et al.  Streaming liver. VIII: Cell production rates following partial hepatectomy. , 2008, Liver.

[67]  M. Nagino,et al.  Doppler estimation of portal blood flow after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization. , 1998, Annals of surgery.

[68]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Dynamics of normal and injured human liver regeneration after hepatectomy as assessed on the basis of computed tomography and liver function , 1993, Hepatology.

[69]  M. Macías-Silva,et al.  Up-regulated Transcriptional Repressors SnoN and Ski Bind Smad Proteins to Antagonize Transforming Growth Factor-β Signals during Liver Regeneration* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.