The More Control, the Better?

Despite of the popularity of interactive movie trailers, rigorous research on one of the most apparent features of these interfaces – the level of user control – has been scarce. This study explored the effects of user control on users’ immersion and enjoyment of the movie trailers, moderated by the content type. We conducted a 2 (high user control versus low user control) × 2 (drama film trailer versus documentary film trailer) mixed-design factorial experiment. The results showed that the level of user control over movie trailer interfaces decreased users’ immersion when the trailer had an element of traditional story structure, such as a drama film trailer. Participants in the high user control condition answered that they were less fascinated with, absorbed in, focused on, mentally involved with, and emotionally affected by the movie trailer than participants in the low user control condition only with the drama movie trailer. The negative effects of user control on the level of immersion for the dram...

[1]  Marina Krcmar,et al.  The Effect of an Educational/lnformational Rating on Children's Attraction To and Learning From an Educational Program , 2000 .

[2]  Jang-Sun Hwang,et al.  Measures of Perceived Interactivity: An Exploration of the Role of Direction of Communication, User Control, and Time in Shaping Perceptions of Interactivity , 2002 .

[3]  Yifeng Hu,et al.  Doctors vs. Laypersons on Blogs vs. Bulletin Boards vs. Websites vs. Homepages: The Effects of Online Health Sources on Credibility and Behavioral Intentions , 2008 .

[4]  Yuping Liu,et al.  What is Interactivity and is it Always Such a Good Thing? Implications of Definition, Person, and Situation for the Influence of Interactivity on Advertising Effectiveness , 2002 .

[5]  J. Hokanson,et al.  Availability of avoidance behaviors in modulating vascular-stress responses. , 1971, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[6]  Stephan Schwan,et al.  Learning with videos vs. learning with print: The role of interactive features , 2011 .

[7]  D. Zillmann,et al.  Mood Management via the Digital Jukebox , 2002 .

[8]  Dan Ariely,et al.  Controlling the Information Flow: Effects on Consumers' Decision Making and Preferences , 2000 .

[9]  F. Dambrot,et al.  Correlates of sex differences in attitudes toward and involvement with computers , 1985 .

[10]  M. Oliver Tender Affective States as Predictors of Entertainment Preference , 2008 .

[11]  Robert LaRose,et al.  A modern Cinderella story: a comparison of viewer responses to interactive vs linear narrative in solitary and co-viewing settings , 2010, New Media Soc..

[12]  Alexandre N. Tuch,et al.  Symmetry and aesthetics in website design: It's a man's business , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[13]  Lisa Kernan,et al.  Coming Attractions: Reading American Movie Trailers , 2004 .

[14]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[15]  G. Schwartz,et al.  Self-control and predictability: their effects on reactions to aversive stimulation. , 1971, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  Duane Varan,et al.  Interactive Narratives: Exploring the Links between Empathy, Interactivity and Structure , 2008, EuroITV.

[17]  Geoff F. Kaufman,et al.  Understanding Media Enjoyment: The Role of Transportation Into Narrative Worlds , 2004 .

[18]  S. Schwan,et al.  The cognitive benefits of interactive videos: learning to tie nautical knots , 2004 .

[19]  Melanie C. Green,et al.  Narratives and Cancer Communication , 2006 .

[20]  Brent McFerran,et al.  Motivational determinants of transportation into marketing narratives , 2010 .

[21]  Jonathan Cohen Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look at the Identification of Audiences With Media Characters , 2001 .

[22]  Marie-Laure Ryan Immersion vs. Interactivity: Virtual Reality and Literary Theory , 1994 .

[23]  Timothy C. Brock,et al.  The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[24]  J. Bruner Acts of meaning , 1990 .

[25]  Rick W. Busselle,et al.  Fictionality and Perceived Realism in Experiencing Stories: A Model of Narrative Comprehension and Engagement , 2008 .

[26]  Peter Vorderer,et al.  Does Entertainment Suffer From Interactivity? The Impact of Watching an Interactive TV Movie on Viewers' Experience of Entertainment , 2001 .

[27]  Paul A. Cairns,et al.  Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games , 2008, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[28]  Mary Beth Oliver,et al.  Sexual and Violent Imagery in Movie Previews: Effects on Viewers' Perceptions and Anticipated Enjoyment , 2007 .

[29]  G. A. Moss,et al.  Gender differences in website production and preference aesthetics: preliminary implications for ICT in education and beyond , 2009, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[30]  Donald E. Polkinghorne,et al.  Narrative and Self-Concept , 1991 .

[31]  John A. Robinson,et al.  Narrative thinking as a heuristic process. , 1986 .

[32]  J. Webster,et al.  Flow in Computer-Mediated Communication , 1992 .

[33]  John L. Sherry Flow and Media Enjoyment , 2004 .

[34]  T. Bikson,et al.  Differential experiences of men and women in computerized offices , 1985 .

[35]  J. M. Kayany,et al.  Relational Control and Interactive Media Choice in Technology-Mediated Communication Situations. , 1996 .

[36]  Byron Reeves,et al.  The Effect of User Control on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing of Pictures , 2007 .

[37]  Annie Lang,et al.  The limited capacity model of mediated message processing , 2000 .

[38]  S. Shyam Sundar,et al.  The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content in Web Portals: Does Customization Affect Attitudes and Behavior? , 2006 .

[39]  J. Averill Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress. , 1973 .

[40]  Ron Tamborini,et al.  Task demand and mood repair: The intervention potential of computer games , 2012, New Media Soc..

[41]  Ting-Jui Chou,et al.  The Role of Flow Experience in Cyber-Game Addiction , 2003, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[42]  Martin Rieser Interactive Narratives: A Form of Fiction? , 1997 .

[43]  Rick W. Busselle,et al.  Enjoyment of films as a function of narrative experience, perceived realism and transportability , 2011 .

[44]  Paul A. Cairns,et al.  A grounded investigation of game immersion , 2004, CHI EA '04.

[45]  M. Kreuter,et al.  Using Narrative Communication as a Tool for Health Behavior Change: A Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Overview , 2007, Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education.

[46]  Jennifer Edson Escalas IMAGINE YOURSELF IN THE PRODUCT : Mental Simulation, Narrative Transportation, and Persuasion , 2004 .

[47]  Brian G. Southwell,et al.  A Pitfall of New Media? User Controls Exacerbate Editing Effects on Memory , 2004 .

[48]  Barbara Stern Classical and vignette television advertising dramas: Structural models, formal analysis, and consumer effects. , 1994 .