Functional differentiation in pollination processes between the outer and inner perianths in Iris gracilipes (Iridaceae)

We examined the functional differentiation in pollination processes between the outer and inner perianths in Iris gracilipes A. Gray flowers. We manipulated the length of the outer and inner perianths and examined the effect on the following: number of pollinator approaches to, and landings on, flowers; pollen removal and deposition during a single pollinator visit; total number of pollen grains removed; and seed production. The outer perianths contributed to the functions of pollinator approach and landing, pollen removal, and seed production, but not to mechanical fitting of pollinators. Since flowers with shortened outer perianths gained less pollination success than control flowers, and since lengthening of outer perianths did not enhance pollination success, the length of the outer perianths might have evolved as an adaptive characteristic. On the other hand, the inner perianths contributed to the functions of pollinator approach and pollen removal but not to pollinator landing, mechanical fitting of...

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