A surface constrained all‐atom solvent model for effective simulations of polar solutions

A consistent simulation of ionic or strongly polar solutes in polar solvents presents a major challenge from both fundamental and practical aspects. The frequently used method of periodic boundary conditions (PBC) does not correctly take into account the symmetry of the solute field. Instead of using PBC, it is natural to model this type of system as a sphere (with the solute at the origin), but the boundary conditions to be used in such a model are not obvious. Early calculations performed with our surface constrained soft sphere dipoles (SCSSD) model indicated that the dipoles near the surface of the sphere will show unusual orientational preferences (they will overpolarize) unless a corrective force is included in the model, and thus we implemented polarization constraints in this spherical model of polar solutions. More recent approaches that treated the surface with stochastic dynamics, but did not take into account the surface polarization effects, were also found to exhibit these nonphysical orient...

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