The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index

The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) measures the empowerment, agency, and inclusion of women in the agricultural sector and comprises two subindexes. The first assesses empowerment of women in five domains, including (1) decisions about agricultural production, (2) access to and decisionmaking power about productive resources, (3) control of use of income, (4) leadership in the community, and (5) time allocation. The second subindex measures the percentage of women whose achievements are at least as high as men in their households and, for women lacking parity, the relative empowerment gap with respect to the male in their household. This article documents the development of the WEAI and presents pilot findings from Bangladesh, Guatemala, and Uganda.

[1]  Antoine Bouët,et al.  Differential Export Taxes Along the Oilseeds Value Chain: A Partial Equilibrium Analysis , 2012 .

[2]  R. Meinzen-Dick,et al.  Gender and social capital for agricultural development , 2014 .

[3]  C. Ragasa,et al.  The Role of Rural Producer Organizations for Agricultural Service Provision in Fragile States , 2013 .

[4]  L. Liverpool‐Tasie.  Did Using Input Vouchers Improve the Distribution of Subsidized Fertilizer in Nigeria? The Case of Kano and Taraba States , 2012 .

[5]  R. Birner,et al.  The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Program as a Collective Institution , 2012 .

[6]  Tewodaj Mogues,et al.  The Supply of Inorganic Fertilizers to Smallholder Farmers in Uganda: Evidence for Fertilizer Policy Development , 2012 .

[7]  T. Benson,et al.  The Supply of Inorganic Fertilizers to Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania: Evidence for Fertilizer Policy Development , 2012 .

[8]  Tewodaj Mogues,et al.  The Supply of Inorganic Fertilizers to Smallholder Farmers in Mozambique: Evidence for Fertilizer Policy Development , 2012 .

[9]  J. Hoddinott,et al.  Cash, Food, or Vouchers? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Northern Ecuador , 2012 .

[10]  X. Diao,et al.  Mechanization in Ghana: Searching for Sustainable Service Supply Models , 2012 .

[11]  N. Minot.  Food Price Volatility in Africa: Has it Really Increased? , 2012 .

[12]  C. Ringler,et al.  Malaria and Agriculture: A Global Review of the Literature with a Focus on the Application of Integrated Pest and Vector Management in East Africa and Uganda , 2012 .

[13]  D. Headey,et al.  Improving the Measurement of Food Security , 2012 .

[14]  Bingxin Yu,et al.  Improved Performance of Agriculture in Africa South of the Sahara: Taking Off or Bouncing Back , 2012 .

[15]  A. Salam.  Review of Input and Output Policies for Cereals Production in Pakistan , 2012 .

[16]  I. Fofana,et al.  Taxation Policy and Gender Employment in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia , 2012 .

[17]  Neha Kumar,et al.  Policy Reform Toward Gender Equality in Ethiopia: Little by Little the Egg Begins to Walk , 2012 .

[18]  Yanyan Liu,et al.  Heterogeneous Pro-Poor Targeting in India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme , 2012 .

[19]  L. Mcbride,et al.  The Impacts of Public Investment in and for Agriculture: Synthesis of the Existing Evidence , 2012 .

[20]  D. Spielman,et al.  Change and Diversity in Smallholder Rice-Fish Systems: Recent Evidence from Bangladesh , 2012 .

[21]  X. Zhang,et al.  The Road to Specialization in Agricultural Production: Evidence from Rural China , 2012 .

[22]  Carmen Estrades.  Is MERCOSUR's External Agenda Pro-Poor? An Assessment of the European Union-MERCOSUR Free-Trade Agreement on Poverty in Uruguay Applying MIRAGE , 2012 .

[23]  Y. N. Wong.  World Development Report 2012: Gender equality and development , 2012 .

[24]  Lori Beaman,et al.  Do household definitions matter in survey design? Results from a randomized survey experiment in Mali , 2012 .

[25]  S. Alkire,et al.  Bhutan: Gross National Happiness and the GNH index , 2012 .

[26]  Stan Becker,et al.  Measurement of Women's Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh. , 2012, World development.

[27]  Jennifer Twyman,et al.  Gender Inequality in Asset Ownership in Latin America: Female Owners vs Household Heads , 2012 .

[28]  R. Ryan,et al.  The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation , 2012 .

[29]  H. Swaminathan,et al.  The Gender Asset and Wealth Gaps : Evidence from Ecuador , Ghana , and Karnataka , India , 2012 .

[30]  P. Petesch,et al.  Cross-disciplinary perspectives on mobility , 2012 .

[31]  E. Nkonya,et al.  Understanding the Complexities Surrounding Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria and Uganda , 2011 .

[32]  S. Alkire,et al.  Where did identification go? , 2011 .

[33]  Neha Kumar,et al.  Does social capital build women's assets? The long-term impacts of group-based and individual dissemination of agricultural technology in Bangladesh , 2011 .

[34]  S. Alkire,et al.  Understandings and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement , 2011 .

[35]  Robert O. Banks.  Time, Use of , 2011 .

[36]  Kennon M. Sheldon,et al.  Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context , 2011 .

[37]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Social, Institutional, Cultural, and Economic Supports for Autonomy and Their Importance for Well-Being , 2011 .

[38]  R. Meinzen-Dick,et al.  Who owns the land?: Perspectives from rural Ugandans and implications for land acquisitions , 2011 .

[39]  R. Hausmann,et al.  The Global Gender Gap Report 2011: Rankings and Scores , 2011 .

[40]  Terri J. Ballard,et al.  Introducing a Simple Measure of Household Hunger for Cross-Cultural Use , 2011 .

[41]  Laura D'Andrea Tyson,et al.  The global gender gap report. 2010. , 2011 .

[42]  S. Alkire,et al.  Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement , 2010 .

[43]  Maria Emma Santos,et al.  Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries , 2010 .

[44]  D. Narayan,et al.  Moving Out of Poverty: Success from the Bottom Up , 2009 .

[45]  L. Pritchett,et al.  Moving Out of Poverty: Volume 2. Success from the Bottom Up , 2009 .

[46]  Stephan Klasen,et al.  The construction of the social institutions and gender index (SIGI) , 2009 .

[47]  S. Khilnani.  Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen , 2009 .

[48]  L. Subaiya,et al.  Understanding women's empowerment: a comparative analysis of demographic and health surveys (DHS) data , 2008 .

[49]  S. Klasen,et al.  The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Updates and Extensions , 2008 .

[50]  Arguments for a Better World: Essays in Honor of Amartya Sen: Volume I: Ethics, Welfare, and Measurement , 2008 .

[51]  Sabina Alkire,et al.  Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators , 2007 .

[52]  Moving Out of Poverty: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Mobility , 2007 .

[53]  D. Lawson.  A Gendered Analysis of `Time Poverty` - The Importance of Infrastructure , 2007 .

[54]  Miriam S. Chaiken,et al.  Household Decisions, Gender, and Development: A Synthesis of Recent Research , 2007 .

[55]  Measuring Agency: Issues and Possibilities , 2007 .

[56]  Q. Wodon,et al.  Measuring Time Poverty and Analyzing its Determinants: Concepts and Application to Guinea , 2006 .

[57]  Laura D'Andrea Tyson,et al.  The global gender gap report , 2006 .

[58]  Quentin Wodon,et al.  Gender, Time Use, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa , 2006 .

[59]  Jeremy Holland,et al.  From analysis to implementation , 2020, Multi-dimensional Review of Viet Nam.

[60]  S. Chant.  Household Decisions, Gender and Development: A Synthesis of Recent Research , 2005 .

[61]  Sabina Alkire,et al.  Subjective Quantitative Studies of Human Agency , 2005 .

[62]  R. Alsop,et al.  Measuring Empowerment in Practice: Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators , 2005 .

[63]  R. Alsop.  Power, rights, and poverty: concepts and connections , 2005 .

[64]  D. Budlender.  The Debate about Household Headship , 2003 .

[65]  A. Quisumbing,et al.  Resources at Marriage and Intrahousehold Allocation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and South Africa* , 2003 .

[66]  R. Martorell,et al.  The Importance of Women's Status for Child Nutrition in Developing Countries , 2003 .

[67]  A. Quisumbing,et al.  Marriage in transition: Evidence on age, education, and assets from six developing countries , 2003 .

[68]  A. Sourcebook.  Empowerment and Poverty Reduction , 2002 .

[69]  S. Schuler,et al.  Measuring Women's Empowerment as a Variable in International Development , 2002 .

[70]  M. Fafchamps,et al.  Control and Ownership of Assets Within Rural Ethiopian Households , 2002 .

[71]  B. Agarwal,et al.  Participatory Exclusions, Community Forestry, and Gender: An Analysis for South Asia and a Conceptual Framework , 2001 .

[72]  N. Kabeer.  Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment , 2001 .

[73]  C. Singer.  Human Development Report 2000 , 2001 .

[74]  E. Deci,et al.  Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation , 2000 .

[75]  E. Deci,et al.  Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[76]  N. Kabeer.  Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment , 1999 .

[77]  M. Arnot.  Closing the Gender Gap , 1999 .

[78]  F. Ellis.  Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Methods, Models, and Policy , 1997 .

[79]  M. Buvinić,et al.  Female-Headed Households and Female-Maintained Families: Are They Worth Targeting to Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries? , 1997, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[80]  C. Udry.  Gender, Agricultural Production, and the Theory of the Household , 1996, Journal of Political Economy.

[81]  R. Prud’homme.  The dangers of decentralization , 1995 .

[82]  P. Chiappori.  Unitary versus collective models of the household : time to shift the burden of proof? , 1995 .

[83]  A. Quisumbing.  Gender differences in agricultural productivity , 1995 .

[84]  Amartya Sen,et al.  Co-operation, Inequality and the Family , 1989 .

[85]  M. Cain.  Women's Status and Fertility in Developing Countries: Son Preference and Economic Security , 1984 .

[86]  E. Thorbecke,et al.  A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures , 1984 .

[87]  P. Phillimore,et al.  The Endangered Sex: Neglect of Female Children in Rural North India. , 1982 .

[88]  B. Sen.  The State of Food and Agriculture , 1962 .

[89]  L. Cronbach.  Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests , 1951 .