Experiments on the Zöllner and related optical illusions

Abstract A matching technique was used in measurements of the magnitude of the Zollner and related distortions. The maximum spatial frequency of the distorting gratings at which the effects are observed was determined, and related to their resolution. The apparent distortions were found to disappear when the distorting, but not the distorted, lines are defocused. The effects of contrast and contiguity between distorting and distorted lines were also studied. The results suggest that the Zollner, Luckiesh. Orbison and similar illusions are of one type, and confirm an earlier suggestion that they involve hypothetical orientational mechanisms in the human visual system.