The Utility of the UTAUT: An Application to Mobile Learning Adoption in the Caribbean.

This paper focuses on the usefulness of the UTAUT model in explaining behavioural intention to adopt mobile learning in the Caribbean. It employs confirmatory factor analysis with robust maximum likelihood estimation, to evaluate the measures, comparability of the measures and to compare the means of the factors between five university-territory combinations. It estimates a full structural equations model to evaluate the UTAUT relationships with an added effect of facilitating conditions on behavioural intention and it finds little support for effects of effort expectancy and social factors on behavioural intention in the region. However, the impacts of performance expectancy and effort expectancy on behavioural intention are similar across the region. With the UTAUT model underperforming in the region, there is a need for further research to strengthen measurement of the factors and to improve the explained variance by determining measures that are relevant to the regions and which can be included in a modified model.

[1]  I. Govender,et al.  Students' perceptions and readiness towards mobile learning in colleges of education: a Nigerian perspective , 2017 .

[2]  R E Millsap,et al.  Measurement Invariance, Predictive Invariance, and the Duality Paradox. , 1995, Multivariate behavioral research.

[3]  Agnes Kukulska-Hulme,et al.  Learning Cultures on the Move: Where are we heading? , 2010, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[4]  Dimiter M. Dimitrov,et al.  Testing for Factorial Invariance in the Context of Construct Validation , 2010 .

[5]  T. Thomas,et al.  Mobile Learning among Students and Lecturers in the Developing World: Perceptions Using the UTAUT Model , 2016 .

[6]  D. Dimitrov.  Comparing groups on latent variables: a structural equation modeling approach. , 2006, Work.

[7]  Qi Wang,et al.  Research and trends in mobile learning from 1976 to 2013: A content analysis of patents in selected databases , 2016, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[8]  Shuiqing Yang,et al.  Why do college students continue to use mobile learning? Learning involvement and self-determination theory , 2019, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[9]  Norbert K Tanzer,et al.  Bias and equivalence , 2000 .

[10]  Jijie Wang,et al.  Information technology (IT) in Saudi Arabia: Culture and the acceptance and use of IT , 2007, Inf. Manag..

[11]  W. Saris,et al.  Causes of generalized social trust , 2011 .

[12]  Chiu-Lin Lai,et al.  Trends and research issues of mobile learning studies in nursing education: A review of academic publications from 1971 to 2016 , 2018, Comput. Educ..

[13]  Senanu R. Okuboyejo,et al.  Adoption and use of mobile learning in higher education: the UTAUT model , 2018, IC4E.

[14]  Ozlem Baydas,et al.  Pre-service teachers' intention to adopt mobile learning: A motivational model , 2018, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[15]  Fang Fang Chen,et al.  What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. , 2008, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  Luís Francisco Mendes Gabriel Pedro,et al.  A critical review of mobile learning integration in formal educational contexts , 2018, International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education.

[17]  Timothy Teo,et al.  Technology Acceptance in Education , 2011 .

[18]  Yuhsun Edward Shih,et al.  Setting the New Standard with Mobile Computing in Online Learning , 2007 .

[19]  Shuiqing Yang,et al.  Understanding Undergraduate Students' Adoption of Mobile Learning Model: A Perspective of the Extended UTAUT2 , 2013 .

[20]  B. Byrne.  Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming , 1998 .

[21]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[22]  Hilary Berger,et al.  Solving the mystery of mobile learning adoption in higher education , 2018, Int. J. Mob. Commun..

[23]  J. Steenkamp,et al.  Assessing Measurement Invariance in Cross-National Consumer Research , 1998 .

[24]  Hamed Al-Shahrani.  Investigating the determinants of mobile learning acceptance in higher education in Saudi Arabia , 2016 .

[25]  W. Meredith.  Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance , 1993 .

[26]  Pedro T. Isaías,et al.  Empathic technologies for distance/mobile learning: An empirical research based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) , 2017, Interact. Technol. Smart Educ..

[27]  Helen Crompton,et al.  The use of mobile learning in higher education: A systematic review , 2018, Comput. Educ..

[28]  Roger E. Millsap,et al.  On the misuse of manifest variables in the detection of measurement bias , 1992 .

[29]  R. Vandenberg,et al.  A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research , 2000 .

[30]  T. Thomas,et al.  Measurement Invariance of the UTAUT Constructs in the Caribbean. , 2014 .

[31]  Talal Mohammed Alasmari,et al.  Mobile Learning Technology Acceptance Among Saudi Higher Education Students , 2017 .

[32]  Holger Steinmetz,et al.  Testing measurement invariance using multigroup CFA: differences between educational groups in human values measurement , 2009 .

[33]  Viswanath Venkatesh,et al.  Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology , 2012, MIS Q..

[34]  Ahmad Abu-Al-Aish,et al.  International of Research in Open and Distributed Learning Factors Influencing Students’ Acceptance of M-Learning: An Investigation in Higher Education , 2022 .

[35]  M. Sprangers,et al.  Formal definitions of measurement bias and explanation bias clarify measurement and conceptual perspectives on response shift. , 2009, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[36]  Yogesh Kumar Dwivedi,et al.  Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model , 2017, Information Systems Frontiers.

[37]  Samuel NiiBoi Attuquayefio,et al.  REVIEW OF STUDIES WITH UTAUT AS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK , 2014 .

[38]  Chih-Kai Chang,et al.  Acceptability of an asynchronous learning forum on mobile devices , 2010, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[39]  F.J.R. van de Vijver,et al.  Methods and Data Analysis for Cross-Cultural Research , 1997 .

[40]  Francisco J. García-Peñalvo,et al.  Learning with mobile technologies - Students' behavior , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[41]  J. Kamau.  Adoption of free desktop open source software in developing countries in Africa : a case of Kenyan University students , 2017 .

[42]  N. Schmitt,et al.  Measurement invariance: Review of practice and implications , 2008 .

[43]  Leena Ahmad Alfarani,et al.  Influences on the adoption of mobile learning in saudi women teachers in higher education , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning (IMCL2014).

[44]  Maria João Ferreira,et al.  A comparative study about mobile learning in Iberian Peninsula Universities: Are professors ready? , 2017, Telematics Informatics.

[45]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[46]  T. Thomas,et al.  The utility of the UTAUT model in explaining mobile learning adoption in higher education in Guyana , 2013 .

[47]  Ibrahim Arpaci,et al.  A comparative study of the effects of cultural differences on the adoption of mobile learning , 2015, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[48]  J. Horn,et al.  A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. , 1992, Experimental aging research.

[49]  K. G. J8reskoC,et al.  Simultaneous Factor Analysis in Several Populations , 2007 .

[50]  Enas Al-Lozi,et al.  Get Ready to Mobile Learning : Examining Factors Affecting College Students' Behavioral Intentions to Use M-Learning in Saudi Arabia = الاستعداد للتعلم الإلكتروني باستخدام الأجهزة النقالة : العوامل المؤثرة في نية طلاب الجامعات لاستخدام التعلم الإلكتروني في المملكة العربية السعودية , 2014 .

[51]  Hyunjin Lim,et al.  Investigating the Determinants of Mobile Learning Acceptance in Korea Using UTAUT2 , 2013, ICSLE.

[52]  Yi-Shun Wang,et al.  Why do people use information kiosks? A validation of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology , 2009, Gov. Inf. Q..

[53]  Luiz Fernando Capretz,et al.  A Systematic Review of the Critical Factors for Success of Mobile Learning in Higher Education (University Students' Perspective) , 2015, ArXiv.

[54]  Daniel A. Sass,et al.  Testing Measurement Invariance and Comparing Latent Factor Means Within a Confirmatory Factor Analysis Framework , 2011 .

[55]  Yogesh Kumar Dwivedi,et al.  The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): a literature review , 2015, J. Enterp. Inf. Manag..

[56]  Gordon B. Davis,et al.  User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View , 2003, MIS Q..