Description and validation of an array model - MAESTRO.

Abstract An array model, MAESTRO, was developed to predict radiation absorption, photosynthesis and transpiration by the individual crowns of trees in a stand and by the stand as a whole. The fluxes of radiation are treated in the photosynthetic (PAR), near infrared (NIR) and thermal wavebands; beam and diffuse radiation are considered separately. The spatial heterogeneity of the leaf area density distribution within the tree crown has been incorporated into MAESTRO, which can be used to study the spatial distribution of the radiation regime, and of the water vapour and carbon dioxide exchanges of leaves within the tree crown, in relation to stand structure. This model has been tested by comparing the calculated hourly and daily fluxes of PAR with measurements made by quantum sensors at locations below the tree crowns using three different submodels of leaf area density distribution. Good agreement between measurements and predictions was obtained.

[1]  N. Robinson,et al.  Sky radiation measurement and corrections , 1964 .

[2]  William A. Williams,et al.  A model for simulating photosynthesis in plant communities , 1967 .

[3]  J. M. Norman,et al.  Partitioning solar radiation into direct and diffuse, visible and near-infrared components , 1985 .

[4]  R. H. Grant.  The influence of the sky radiance distribution on the flux density in the shadow of a tree crown , 1985 .

[5]  J. Norman,et al.  Radiative Transfer in an Array of Canopies1 , 1983 .

[6]  P. G. Jarvis,et al.  Productivity of temperate de-ciduous and evergreen forests , 1983 .

[7]  John L. Monteith,et al.  Vegetation and the atmosphere , 1975 .

[8]  Y. P. Wang,et al.  Two-dimensional needle-area density distribution within the crowns of Pinus radiata. , 1990 .

[9]  G. Campbell.  Extinction coefficients for radiation in plant canopies calculated using an ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution , 1986 .

[10]  L. Gross.  PHOTOSYNTHETIC DYNAMICS IN VARYING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS: A MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO WHOLE LEAF CARBON GAIN' , 1982 .

[11]  J. M. Norman,et al.  Photosynthesis in Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). III. Measurements of Canopy Structure and Interception of Radiation , 1974 .

[12]  S. Linder,et al.  Canopy dynamics and growth of Pinusradiata.: I. Effects of irrigation and fertilization during a drought , 1987 .

[13]  Ying-ping Wang.  Crown structure, radiation absorption, photosynthesis and transpiration , 1988 .

[14]  M. Iqbal.  An introduction to solar radiation , 1983 .

[15]  D. Connor,et al.  Architecture of Individual Plants in a Field-grown Tobacco Crop* , 1980 .

[16]  Michael H. Unsworth,et al.  The diffuse solar irradiance of slopes under cloudless skies , 1979 .

[17]  Paul G. Jarvis,et al.  Mean leaf angles for the ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution , 1988 .

[18]  D. Whitehead.  The Estimation of Foliage Area from Sapwood Basal Area in Scots Pine , 1978 .

[19]  P. Chartier.  A model of CO2 assimilation in the leaf. , 1970 .

[20]  P. Oker-Blom.  The influence of penumbra on the distribution of direct solar radiation in a canopy of scots pine , 1985 .

[21]  J. Norman,et al.  Photosynthesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). V. Radiation penetration theory and a test case , 1975 .

[22]  Robert McIntosh.  The effect of thinning and fertilizer application on the relationship between leaf area and production in established Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) stands , 1984 .

[23]  P. Jarvis.  The Interpretation of the Variations in Leaf Water Potential and Stomatal Conductance Found in Canopies in the Field , 1976 .

[24]  J. H. M. Thornley,et al.  Mathematical models in plant physiology , 1976 .

[25]  K. G. McNaughton,et al.  Stomatal Control of Transpiration: Scaling Up from Leaf to Region , 1986 .