Assessment of patient organ doses and effective doses using the VIP-Man adult male phantom for selected cone-beam CT imaging procedures during image guided radiation therapy.

A Monte Carlo based computational procedure for determining organ doses and effective doses has been described for two procedures used in newly developed image-guided radiation treatment: kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (kV CBCT) and mega-voltage computed tomography (MV CBCT). A whole-body patient computational phantom, VIP-Man phantom, is employed for Monte Carlo dose calculations. Results indicate that the thyroid dose is always the highest in head and neck (H&N) scan for both kV and MV CBCT, and the bladder dose is the highest in prostate scan for both kV and MV CBCT. For the VIP-Man phantom, it has been found that the effective dose for kV CBCT (assuming a total exposure of 1350 mAs) is approximately 9.5 mSv for the two anatomical sites, whereas the effective dose for MV CBCT (assuming a total of 6 monitor unit) ranges from 5.10 mSv for the H&N case to 8.39 mSv for the prostate scan. The estimated whole-body effective doses allow different imaging procedures to be compared and evaluated.

[1]  R. Sievert,et al.  Book Reviews : Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (as amended 1959 and revised 1962). I.C.R.P. Publication 6. 70 pp. PERGAMON PRESS. Oxford, London and New York, 1964. £1 5s. 0d. [TB/54] , 1964 .

[2]  W Swindell,et al.  Computed tomography with a linear accelerator with radiotherapy applications. , 1983, Medical physics.

[3]  Icrp.  1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection , 1991 .

[4]  G T Chen,et al.  Online repositioning during treatment of the prostate: a study of potential limits and gains. , 1993, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[5]  P. Cinquin,et al.  Patient setup optimization for external conformal radiotherapy. , 1995, Journal of image guided surgery.

[6]  M. Uematsu,et al.  A dual computed tomography linear accelerator unit for stereotactic radiation therapy: a new approach without cranially fixated stereotactic frames. , 1996, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[7]  J Pouliot,et al.  Electronic portal imaging device detection of radioopaque markers for the evaluation of prostate position during megavoltage irradiation: a clinical study. , 1997, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[8]  Adjuvant irradiation following radical prostatectomy: The addition of short duration androgen suppression , 1998 .

[9]  P. Bergström,et al.  High-precision conformal radiotherapy (HPCRT) of prostate cancer--a new technique for exact positioning of the prostate at the time of treatment. , 1998, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[10]  D Verellen,et al.  Electronic portal imaging with on-line correction of setup error in thoracic irradiation: clinical evaluation. , 1998, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[11]  T E Schultheiss,et al.  A comparison of daily CT localization to a daily ultrasound-based system in prostate cancer. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[12]  D A Jaffray,et al.  A radiographic and tomographic imaging system integrated into a medical linear accelerator for localization of bone and soft-tissue targets. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[13]  M Kono,et al.  Intrafractional tumor position stability during computed tomography (CT)-guided frameless stereotactic radiation therapy for lung or liver cancers with a fusion of CT and linear accelerator (FOCAL) unit. , 2000, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[14]  J H Siewerdsen,et al.  Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: initial performance characterization. , 2000, Medical physics.

[15]  J C Stroom,et al.  On-line set-up corrections during radiotherapy of patients with gynecologic tumors. , 2000, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[16]  A. Bozkurt,et al.  VIP-MAN: AN IMAGE-BASED WHOLE-BODY ADULT MALE MODEL CONSTRUCTED FROM COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE VISIBLE HUMAN PROJECT FOR MULTI-PARTICLE MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS , 2000, Health physics.

[17]  T R Willoughby,et al.  Short-course intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer with daily transabdominal ultrasound localization of the prostate gland. , 2000, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[18]  H Alasti,et al.  Portal imaging for evaluation of daily on-line setup errors and off-line organ motion during conformal irradiation of carcinoma of the prostate. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[19]  L G Bouchet,et al.  Calibration of three-dimensional ultrasound images for image-guided radiation therapy. , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[20]  X. Xu,et al.  Conversion coefficients based on the VIP-Man anatomical model and EGS4. , 2001, Health physics.

[21]  P C Shrimpton,et al.  Influence of patient age on normalized effective doses calculated for CT examinations. , 2002, The British journal of radiology.

[22]  J A Rowlands,et al.  Imaging of 1.0-mm-diameter radiopaque markers with megavoltage X-rays: an improved online imaging system. , 2002, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[23]  J. Wong,et al.  Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy. , 2002, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[24]  Lei Dong,et al.  Automatic registration of the prostate for computed-tomography-guided radiotherapy. , 2003, Medical physics.

[25]  R M Harrison,et al.  Second cancers following radiotherapy: a suggested common dosimetry framework for therapeutic and concomitant exposures. , 2004, The British journal of radiology.

[26]  Assessment of effective dose from concomitant exposures required in verification of the target volume in radiotherapy. , 2004, The British journal of radiology.

[27]  E. Aird.  Second cancer risk, concomitant exposures and IRMER(2000). , 2004, The British journal of radiology.

[28]  G H Olivera,et al.  The use of megavoltage CT (MVCT) images for dose recomputations , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[29]  J. Pouliot,et al.  Megavoltage cone-beam CT: system description and clinical applications. , 2006, Medical dosimetry : official journal of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists.

[30]  L. Xing,et al.  Overview of image-guided radiation therapy. , 2006, Medical dosimetry : official journal of the American Association of Medical Dosimetrists.

[31]  S. Sim,et al.  Dose comparison of megavoltage cone‐beam and orthogonal‐pair portal images , 2007, Journal of applied clinical medical physics.

[32]  T R Mackie,et al.  History of tomotherapy , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[33]  B. Bednarz,et al.  An Investigation of Voxel Geometries for MCNP-based Radiation Dose Calculations , 2006, Health physics.

[34]  Wesley E Bolch,et al.  Organ and effective doses in newborn patients during helical multislice computed tomography examination , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[35]  R. Mohan,et al.  A Monte Carlo model for calculating out-of-field dose from a Varian 6MV beam. , 2006, Medical physics.

[36]  Chengyu Shi,et al.  A boundary-representation method for designing whole-body radiation dosimetry models: pregnant females at the ends of three gestational periods—RPI-P3, -P6 and -P9 , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[37]  B. Movsas,et al.  Dose delivered from Varian's CBCT to patients receiving IMRT for prostate cancer , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[38]  G. Ding,et al.  Characteristics of kilovoltage x-ray beams used for cone-beam computed tomography in radiation therapy , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[39]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  The management of imaging dose during image-guided radiotherapy: report of the AAPM Task Group 75. , 2007, Medical physics.

[40]  Ping Xia,et al.  Patient dose considerations for routine megavoltage cone-beam CT imaging. , 2007, Medical physics.

[41]  Habib Zaidi,et al.  Computational anthropomorphic models of the human anatomy: the path to realistic Monte Carlo modeling in radiological sciences. , 2007, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[42]  Lei Xing,et al.  Evaluation of on-board kV cone beam CT (CBCT)-based dose calculation , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[43]  J J DeMarco,et al.  Estimating radiation doses from multidetector CT using Monte Carlo simulations: effects of different size voxelized patient models on magnitudes of organ and effective dose , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[44]  D. Brenner,et al.  Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[45]  Harald Paganetti,et al.  A review of dosimetry studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.