Variabilité architecturale et fonctionnelle du système aérien chez le pommier (Malus domestica Borkh.): comparaison de quatre cultivars par une approche de modélisation structure-fonction

Au dela de la diversite architecturale bien decrite entre varietes chez le pommier, une variabilite fonctionnelle est suspectee, encore tres mal connue, qui pourrait se repercuter sur leur productivite et sur leurs capacites d'adaptation. Par ailleurs, il est postule que la variabilite fonctionnelle des cultivars a une echelle integree depend a la fois de l'organisation architecturale de leur systeme aerien et d'une variabilite du fonctionnement de leur feuillage. La comparaison qui a ete realisee entre genotypes a porte sur 4 cultivars de pommier : Fuji et Braeburn d'une part, Ariane et X3305 d'autre part, dont les arbres etaient respectivement âges de sept ans et de deux ans au debut de l'etude. Les arbres ont ete cultives dans un verger experimental irrigue et soumis a des pratiques culturales standard. L'etude de la variabilite architecturale entre arbres a mis en evidence des differences de dynamique de mise en place de la surface foliaire entre individus jeunes et plus âges. Des differences de composition rameale entre arbres de meme âge ont egalement ete revelees, ayant pour consequence des differences d'efficience d'interception lumineuse entre cultivars qui ont ete quantifiees par le parametre STAR (Silhouette to Total leaf Area Ratio). Une methode de description de la structure des arbres en 3D, reposant sur une approche mixte de digitalisation et de reconstruction du feuillage, a ete validee. L'etude fonctionnelle a l'echelle foliaire a mis en evidence une diversite de la regulation stomatique des 4 genotypes en reponse aux facteurs abiotiques (modele de Jarvis), alors que les parametres photosynthetiques (modele biochimique de Farquhar) s'averaient peu variables. Les caracteristiques architecturales et fonctionnelles de chaque cultivars ont ete prises en compte dans la parametrisation et l'utilisation du modele structure-fonction RATP, afin d'evaluer l'impact de leur couplage sur les capacites d'interception lumineuse, de transpiration et d'assimilation de carbone a l'echelle integree de la branche fruitiere. Une analyse de sensibilite du modele pour le cultivar Braeburn a permis de mettre en evidence le role preponderant de l'architecture des arbres dans la variabilite de fonctionnement a cette echelle. Les perspectives ouvertes par cette approche ecophysiologique chez le pommier au moyen d'un modele structure fonction sont discutees.

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