Variabilité architecturale et fonctionnelle du système aérien chez le pommier (Malus domestica Borkh.): comparaison de quatre cultivars par une approche de modélisation structure-fonction

Au dela de la diversite architecturale bien decrite entre varietes chez le pommier, une variabilite fonctionnelle est suspectee, encore tres mal connue, qui pourrait se repercuter sur leur productivite et sur leurs capacites d'adaptation. Par ailleurs, il est postule que la variabilite fonctionnelle des cultivars a une echelle integree depend a la fois de l'organisation architecturale de leur systeme aerien et d'une variabilite du fonctionnement de leur feuillage. La comparaison qui a ete realisee entre genotypes a porte sur 4 cultivars de pommier : Fuji et Braeburn d'une part, Ariane et X3305 d'autre part, dont les arbres etaient respectivement âges de sept ans et de deux ans au debut de l'etude. Les arbres ont ete cultives dans un verger experimental irrigue et soumis a des pratiques culturales standard. L'etude de la variabilite architecturale entre arbres a mis en evidence des differences de dynamique de mise en place de la surface foliaire entre individus jeunes et plus âges. Des differences de composition rameale entre arbres de meme âge ont egalement ete revelees, ayant pour consequence des differences d'efficience d'interception lumineuse entre cultivars qui ont ete quantifiees par le parametre STAR (Silhouette to Total leaf Area Ratio). Une methode de description de la structure des arbres en 3D, reposant sur une approche mixte de digitalisation et de reconstruction du feuillage, a ete validee. L'etude fonctionnelle a l'echelle foliaire a mis en evidence une diversite de la regulation stomatique des 4 genotypes en reponse aux facteurs abiotiques (modele de Jarvis), alors que les parametres photosynthetiques (modele biochimique de Farquhar) s'averaient peu variables. Les caracteristiques architecturales et fonctionnelles de chaque cultivars ont ete prises en compte dans la parametrisation et l'utilisation du modele structure-fonction RATP, afin d'evaluer l'impact de leur couplage sur les capacites d'interception lumineuse, de transpiration et d'assimilation de carbone a l'echelle integree de la branche fruitiere. Une analyse de sensibilite du modele pour le cultivar Braeburn a permis de mettre en evidence le role preponderant de l'architecture des arbres dans la variabilite de fonctionnement a cette echelle. Les perspectives ouvertes par cette approche ecophysiologique chez le pommier au moyen d'un modele structure fonction sont discutees.

[1]  M. Vandame,et al.  Testing the branch autonomy theory: a 13C/14C double-labelling experiment on differentially shaded branches , 2004 .

[2]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  Light interception in apple trees influenced by canopy architecture manipulation , 2004, Trees.

[3]  Robert E. Dickinson,et al.  A Two-Big-Leaf Model for Canopy Temperature, Photosynthesis, and Stomatal Conductance , 2004 .

[4]  Stephen M. Schrader,et al.  Electron transport is the functional limitation of photosynthesis in field-grown Pima cotton plants at high temperature , 2004 .

[5]  Evelyne Costes,et al.  INTEGRATING APPLE TREE AERIAL AND ROOT ARCHITECTURE IN A STRUCTURE - FUNCTION APPROACH , 2004 .

[6]  L. Urban,et al.  Inhibitory effect of flowering and early fruit growth on leaf photosynthesis in mango. , 2004, Tree physiology.

[7]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  A method for describing the canopy architecture of coppice poplar with allometric relationships. , 2003, Tree physiology.

[8]  Brent Clothier,et al.  Modeling light interception and transpiration of apple tree canopies , 2003 .

[9]  G. Farquhar,et al.  A hydromechanical and biochemical model of stomatal conductance , 2003 .

[10]  E Costes,et al.  Winter bud content according to position in 3-year-old branching systems of 'Granny Smith' apple. , 2003, Annals of botany.

[11]  A. Escudero,et al.  Stomatal responses to drought of mature trees and seedlings of two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks , 2003 .

[12]  T. Foster,et al.  A morphological and quantitative characterization of early floral development in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). , 2003, Annals of botany.

[13]  N. Holbrook,et al.  The ‘hydrology’ of leaves: co‐ordination of structure and function in temperate woody species , 2003 .

[14]  H. R. Gislerød,et al.  Leaf Anatomy and Stomatal Morphology of Greenhouse Roses Grown at Moderate or High Air Humidity , 2003 .

[15]  Daniel S. Falster,et al.  Leaf size and angle vary widely across species: what consequences for light interception? , 2003, The New phytologist.

[16]  L. Gratani,et al.  Structural and functional plasticity of Quercus ilex seedlings of different provenances in Italy , 2003, Trees.

[17]  S. Wand,et al.  Late-season stomatal sensitivity to microclimate is influenced by sink strength and soil moisture stress in ‘Braestar’ apple trees in South Africa , 2003 .

[18]  H Sinoquet,et al.  A biochemical model of photosynthesis for mango leaves: evidence for the effect of fruit on photosynthetic capacity of nearby leaves. , 2003, Tree physiology.

[19]  Tadaki Hirose,et al.  Does the photosynthetic light-acclimation need change in leaf anatomy? , 2003 .

[20]  F. Bussotti,et al.  Within- and among-tree variation in leaf morphology of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. natural populations , 2003, Trees.

[21]  Yoshiko Kosugi,et al.  Parameterization of the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of several temperate deciduous broad‐leaved trees at the leaf scale considering seasonal changes , 2003 .

[22]  A. Lakso,et al.  Summer pruning reduces whole-canopy carbon fixation and transpiration in apple trees , 2003 .

[23]  P. Meir,et al.  Photosynthetic parameters in seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis as affected by rate of nitrogen supply , 2002 .

[24]  S. Predieri,et al.  LEAF ANATOMY AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF PEAR TREES WITH DIFFERENT GROWTH HABIT , 2002 .

[25]  Kevin L. Griffin,et al.  The relative impacts of daytime and night‐time warming on photosynthetic capacity in Populus deltoides , 2002 .

[26]  M. Talón,et al.  Regulation of photosynthesis through source: sink imbalance in citrus is mediated by carbohydrate content in leaves , 2002 .

[27]  R. Dewar.  The Ball–Berry–Leuning and Tardieu–Davies stomatal models: synthesis and extension within a spatially aggregated picture of guard cell function , 2002 .

[28]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Spatial distribution of leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity within the foliage of individual trees: disentangling the effects of local light quality, leaf irradiance, and transpiration. , 2002, Journal of experimental botany.

[29]  Weijun Shen,et al.  A model of stomatal conductance to quantify the relationship between leaf transpiration, microclimate and soil water stress , 2002 .

[30]  A. Forte,et al.  Phylogeny of the Malus (Apple Tree) Species, Inferred from the Morphological Traits and Molecular DNA Analysis , 2002, Russian Journal of Genetics.

[31]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Effects of crown development on leaf irradiance, leaf morphology and photosynthetic capacity in a peach tree. , 2002, Tree physiology.

[32]  M. Blanke,et al.  Effect of mechanically-simulated hail on photosynthesis, dark respiration and transpiration of apple leaves , 2002 .

[33]  S. Harris,et al.  Genetic clues to the origin of the apple. , 2002, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[34]  Fernando Valladares,et al.  The greater seedling high-light tolerance of Quercus robur over Fagus sylvatica is linked to a greater physiological plasticity , 2002, Trees.

[35]  I. Terashima,et al.  The effect of growth irradiance on leaf anatomy and photosynthesis in Acer species differing in light demand , 2002 .

[36]  E. Costes,et al.  ESTIMATING TRANSPIRATION OF APPLE TREE BRANCHES FROM LEAF STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS - A FIRST ASSESSMENT OF RATP MODEL ON APPLE TREES , 2002 .

[37]  Amnon Erez,et al.  Studies of canopy structure and water use of apple trees on three rootstocks , 2002 .

[38]  R. B. Jackson,et al.  Stomatal acclimation over a subambient to elevated CO2 gradient in a C3/C4 grassland , 2002 .

[39]  L. Dequan,et al.  Relationship Between Photosystem 2 Electron Transport and Photosynthetic CO2 Assimilation Responses to Irradiance in Young Apple Tree Leaves , 2002, Photosynthetica.

[40]  H Sinoquet,et al.  Canopy structure and light interception in Quercus petraea seedlings in relation to light regime and plant density. , 2001, Tree physiology.

[41]  M. Broadley,et al.  Nitrogen-limited growth of lettuce is associated with lower stomatal conductance. , 2001, The New phytologist.

[42]  D. Tustin,et al.  Pomological and physiological characteristics of Slender Pyramid central leader apple (Malus domestica) planting systems grown on intermediate vigour, semi‐dwarfing, and dwarfing rootstocks , 2001 .

[43]  Jean Dauzat,et al.  Simulation of leaf transpiration and sap flow in virtual plants: model description and application to a coffee plantation in Costa Rica. , 2001 .

[44]  Dennis D. Baldocchi,et al.  Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest , 2001 .

[45]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  RATP: a model for simulating the spatial distribution of radiation absorption, transpiration and photosynthesis within canopies: application to an isolated tree crown , 2001 .

[46]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Photosynthetic light acclimation in peach leaves: importance of changes in mass:area ratio, nitrogen concentration, and leaf nitrogen partitioning. , 2001, Tree Physiology.

[47]  L. Gazarini,et al.  Acclimation of Myrtus communis to contrasting Mediterranean light environments - effects on structure and chemical composition of foliage and plant water relations. , 2001, Environmental and experimental botany.

[48]  H. Heilmeier,et al.  Internal leaf anatomy and photosynthetic resource-use efficiency: interspecific and intraspecific comparisons. , 2001, Tree physiology.

[49]  X. Le Roux,et al.  Temperature response of leaf photosynthetic capacity in seedlings from seven temperate tree species. , 2001, Tree physiology.

[50]  S. Sultan.  Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history. , 2000, Trends in plant science.

[51]  Alan N. Lakso,et al.  The Relationship Between Leaf Area and Light Interception by Spur and Extension Shoot Leaves and Apple Orchard Productivity , 2000 .

[52]  M. Salvucci,et al.  Rubisco activase constrains the photosynthetic potential of leaves at high temperature and CO2. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  Klich.  Leaf variations in Elaeagnus angustifolia related to environmental heterogeneity. , 2000, Environmental and experimental botany.

[54]  F. Valladares,et al.  Low leaf-level response to light and nutrients in Mediterranean evergreen oaks: a conservative resource-use strategy? , 2000, The New phytologist.

[55]  Harri Hakula,et al.  Components of functional-structural tree models , 2000 .

[56]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  SIMWAL: A structural-functional model simulating single walnut tree growth in response to climate and pruning , 2000 .

[57]  André Lacointe,et al.  Carbon allocation among tree organs: A review of basic processes and representation in functional-structural tree models , 2000 .

[58]  Alexandre Bosc,et al.  EMILION, a tree functional-structural model: Presentation and first application to the analysis of branch carbon balance , 2000 .

[59]  F. Baret,et al.  A 3D peach canopy model used to evaluate the effect of tree architecture and density on photosynthesis at a range of scales , 2000 .

[60]  M. Denden,et al.  Modélisation de la résistance stomatique en fonction des caractéristiques morphologiques et anatomiques des stomates, du rayonnement et du potentiel hydrique , 2000 .

[61]  A. Bombelli,et al.  Correlation between leaf age and other leaf traits in three Mediterranean maquis shrub species: Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Cistus incanus , 2000 .

[62]  C. Atkinson,et al.  Drought tolerance of clonal Malus determined from measurements of stomatal conductance and leaf water potential. , 2000, Tree physiology.

[63]  W. D. costa,et al.  Relationship between stomatal conductance and leaf water potential in selected forest tree species growing under different levels of natural shade in the mid-country wet zone , 2000 .

[64]  T. Dejong,et al.  Distribution of leaf mass per unit area and leaf nitrogen concentration determine partitioning of leaf nitrogen within tree canopies. , 2000, Tree physiology.

[65]  L. Fuchigami,et al.  CO2 assimilation in relation to nitrogen in apple leaves , 2000 .

[66]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  Wind speed and leaf boundary layer conductance variation within tree crown: Consequences on leaf-to-atmosphere coupling and tree functions , 1999 .

[67]  Tenhunen,et al.  Responses of foliar photosynthetic electron transport, pigment stoichiometry, and stomatal conductance to interacting environmental factors in a mixed species forest canopy. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[68]  F. Valladares,et al.  The geometry of light interception by shoots of Heteromeles arbutifolia: morphological and physiological consequences for individual leaves , 1999, Oecologia.

[69]  Christophe Godin,et al.  A Method for Describing Plant Architecture which Integrates Topology and Geometry , 1999 .

[70]  X. Le Roux,et al.  Parameterization and testing of a biochemically based photosynthesis model for walnut (Juglans regia) trees and seedlings. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[71]  John R. Evans,et al.  Leaf anatomy enables more equal access to light and CO2 between chloroplasts , 1999 .

[72]  V. Gutschick.  Biotic and abiotic consequences of differences in leaf structure , 1999 .

[73]  P. Bernier,et al.  Canopy photosynthesis of sugar maple (Acer saccharum): comparing big-leaf and multilayer extrapolations of leaf-level measurements. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[74]  A. Arneth,et al.  Assessment of annual carbon exchange in a water‐stressed Pinus radiata plantation: an analysis based on eddy covariance measurements and an integrated biophysical model , 1999 .

[75]  E. DeLucia,et al.  Photosynthetic responses of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) needles to experimental reduction in sink demand. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[76]  Francisco de Castro,et al.  The effect of leaf clustering in the interception of light in vegetal canopies: theoretical considerations , 1999 .

[77]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Spatial distribution of leaf dry weight per area and leaf nitrogen concentration in relation to local radiation regime within an isolated tree crown. , 1999, Tree physiology.

[78]  Ü. Niinemets.  Energy requirement for foliage formation is not constant along canopy light gradients in temperate deciduous trees , 1999 .

[79]  S. Harris,et al.  THE ORIGIN OF THE APPLE , 1998 .

[80]  Gilles Boulet,et al.  Stomatal control of transpiration: Examination of Monteith's Formulation of canopy resistance , 1998 .

[81]  P. E. Lauri,et al.  The Vertical Axis and Solaxe systems in France. , 1998 .

[82]  Loïc Pagès,et al.  A carbon balance model of peach tree growth and development for studying the pruning response. , 1998, Tree physiology.

[83]  P. Reich,et al.  Relationships of leaf dark respiration to leaf nitrogen, specific leaf area and leaf life-span: a test across biomes and functional groups , 1998, Oecologia.

[84]  James W. Jones,et al.  Crop modelling in horticulture: state of the art , 1998 .

[85]  D. Loustau,et al.  Variability of the photosynthetic characteristics of mature needles within the crown of a 25-year-old Pinus pinaster. , 1998, Tree physiology.

[86]  R. Giuliani,et al.  WHOLE CANOPY GAS EXCHANGES AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION OF THREE PEACH TRAINING SYSTEMS , 1998 .

[87]  M. Génard,et al.  RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SHOOTS AND THE REST OF THE TREE: EFFECT ON FRUIT GROWTH , 1998 .

[88]  L. Pagès,et al.  TAKING INTO ACCOUNT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE BREEDING FOR PEACH TREE CHARACTERISTICS , 1998 .

[89]  H. Jones.  Stomatal control of photosynthesis and transpiration , 1998 .

[90]  J. Infante.  Modelling transpiration in holm-oak savannah: scaling up from the leaf to the tree scale , 1997 .

[91]  A. Lakso,et al.  LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON WHOLE-CANOPY NET CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE RATES OF APPLE TREES , 1997 .

[92]  J. Palmer,et al.  EFFECTS OF FRUITING ON SEASONAL LEAF AND WHOLE-CANOPY CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE OF APPLE , 1997 .

[93]  M. Blanke.  EFFECT OF FRUIT LOAD ON WHOLE TREE CARBON ASSIMILATION, DARK RESPIRATION, AND WATER RELATIONS IN APPLE , 1997 .

[94]  Lailiang Cheng,et al.  DIURNAL AND SEASONAL STOMATAL REGULATION OF WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN LEAVES OF FIELD-GROWN APPLE TREES , 1997 .

[95]  Eugenio Magnanini,et al.  EFFECTS OF CROP LOAD ON APPLE PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES AND YIELD , 1997 .

[96]  Jean Dauzat,et al.  Simulating light regime and intercrop yields in coconut based farming systems , 1997 .

[97]  Ü. Niinemets.  Role of foliar nitrogen in light harvesting and shade tolerance of four temperate deciduous woody species , 1997 .

[98]  John Tenhunen,et al.  A model separating leaf structural and physiological effects on carbon gain along light gradients for the shade‐tolerant species Acer saccharum , 1997 .

[99]  D. Eamus,et al.  Diurnal and seasonal changes in the impact of CO(2) enrichment on assimilation, stomatal conductance and growth in a long-term study of Mangifera indica in the wet-dry tropics of Australia. , 1997, Tree physiology.

[100]  R. Leuning.  Scaling to a common temperature improves the correlation between the photosynthesis parameters Jmax and Vcmax , 1997 .

[101]  C. Hampson,et al.  Photosynthetic Rate, Flowering, and Yield Component Alteration in Hazelnut in Response to Different Light Environments , 1996 .

[102]  Terence L. Robinson,et al.  The Bases of Productivity in Apple Production Systems: The Role of Light Interception by Different Shoot Types , 1996 .

[103]  John Tenhunen,et al.  Simulations of canopy net photosynthesis and transpiration in Quercus ilex L. under the influence of seasonal drought , 1996 .

[104]  E. Schulze,et al.  Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration : scaling from leaves to canopies , 1995 .

[105]  L. Pagès,et al.  Genotypic Differences in the Leaf Emergence Rate of Young Peach Trees , 1995 .

[106]  B. Schaffer,et al.  Handbook of Environmental Physiology of Fruit Crops , 1994 .

[107]  J. Araus,et al.  Ecotypic differentiation of gas exchange responses and leaf anatomy in a tropical forest understory shrub from areas of contrasting rainfall regimes. , 1994, Tree physiology.

[108]  J. Proctor,et al.  Apple Fruit Removal and Limb Girdling Affect Fruit and Leaf Characteristics , 1994 .

[109]  M. Blanke,et al.  Effect of fruiting on carbon budgets of apple tree canopies , 1993, Trees.

[110]  Stan D. Wullschleger,et al.  Biochemical Limitations to Carbon Assimilation in C3 Plants—A Retrospective Analysis of the A/Ci Curves from 109 Species , 1993 .

[111]  S. Vemmos,et al.  Stomatal and Chlorophyll Distribution of Cox's Orange Pippin Apple Flowers Relative to Other Cluster Parts , 1993 .

[112]  Hervé Sinoquet,et al.  Modeling radiative transfer in mixed and row intercropping systems , 1992 .

[113]  R. Bendel,et al.  Comparative gas exchange characteristics of potted, glasshouse-grown almond, apple, fig, grape, olive, peach and Asian pear , 1992 .

[114]  M. Génard,et al.  Multivariate analysis of within-tree factors accounting for the variation of peach fruit quality , 1992 .

[115]  Richard J. Campbell,et al.  Light environment and time of harvest affect 'Delicious' apple fruit quality characteristics , 1992 .

[116]  J. Palmer,et al.  Effects of varying crop load on photosynthesis, dry matter production and partitioning of Crispin/M.27 apple trees. , 1992, Tree physiology.

[117]  J. Birch,et al.  Canopy Position Affects Light Response Curves for Gas Exchange Characteristics of Apple Spur Leaves , 1992 .

[118]  James F. Reynolds,et al.  Modelling photosynthesis of cotton grown in elevated CO2 , 1992 .

[119]  J. Proctor,et al.  Morphological Differences among Apple Leaf Types , 1992 .

[120]  D. Whitehead,et al.  Architectural distribution of foliage in individual Pinus radiata D. Don crowns and the effects of clumping on radiation interception. , 1990, Tree physiology.

[121]  F. Baret,et al.  PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra , 1990 .

[122]  S. Rambal,et al.  Stomatal conductance of some grapevines growing in the field under a Mediterranean environment. , 1990 .

[123]  B. Barritt,et al.  Cultivar and Canopy Position Effects on Seasonal Development of Vegetative Spurs of Apple , 1990 .

[124]  P. Jarvis,et al.  Effects of CO2 Enrichment on Four Poplar Clones. II. Leaf Surface Properties , 1990 .

[125]  R. Marini,et al.  Net photosynthesis, specific leaf weight, and flowering of peach as influenced by shade. , 1990 .

[126]  L. Gunning-Schepers,et al.  The development of the model , 1989 .

[127]  H. Jones,et al.  Empirical models of the conductance of leaves in apple orchards , 1989 .

[128]  D. Young,et al.  DIFFERENCES IN LEAF STRUCTURE, CHLOROPHYLL, AND NUTRIENTS FOR THE UNDERSTORY TREE ASIMINA TRILOBA , 1987 .

[129]  J. Tolivia,et al.  Fasga: A new polychromatic method for simultaneous and differential staining of plant tissues , 1987 .

[130]  S. Drake,et al.  Canopy Position and Light Effects on Spur, Leaf, and Fruit Characteristics of ‘Delicious’ Apple , 1987, HortScience.

[131]  J. Barden,et al.  Seasonal Changes in Specific Leaf Weight and Leaf Anatomy of Apple , 1987, HortScience.

[132]  J. Hancock,et al.  Genotypic Differences in the Effect of Temperature on CO2 Assimilation and Water Use Efficiency in Blueberry , 1987, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[133]  E. Curry,et al.  Effect of Cropping on Shoot Growth of Spur-type ‘Golden Delicious’ Trees , 1986, HortScience.

[134]  T. Dejong.  Effects of reproductive and vegetative sink activity on leaf conductance and water potential in Prunus persica L. Batsch , 1986 .

[135]  J. M. Lespinasse,et al.  APPLE TREE MANAGEMENT IN VERTICAL AXIS: APPRAISAL AFTER TEN YEARS OF EXPERIMENTS , 1986 .

[136]  T. Dejong,et al.  Seasonal relationships between leaf nitrogen content (photosynthetic capacity) and leaf canopy light exposure in peach (Prunus persica) , 1985 .

[137]  R. Kennedy,et al.  Seasonal Changes in the Photosynthetic Rate in Apple Trees : A Comparison between Fruiting and Nonfruiting Trees. , 1985, Plant physiology.

[138]  A. Lakso,et al.  THE EFFECT OF WATER STRESS AND VAPOR PRESSURE GRADIENT ON STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE, WATER USE EFFICIENCY, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF FRUIT CROPS , 1985 .

[139]  D. Jordan,et al.  The CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase , 1984, Planta.

[140]  D. Jordan,et al.  The CO2/O 2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase : Dependence on ribulosebisphosphate concentration, pH and temperature. , 1984, Planta.

[141]  R. Skirvin,et al.  Nomenclature of the Cultivated Apple , 1984, HortScience.

[142]  F. Kappel,et al.  Effect of Shade on Photosynthesis, Specific Leaf Weight, Leaf Chlorophyll Content, and Morphology of Young Peach Trees , 1983, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[143]  H. Jones,et al.  Rapid stomatal responses to humidity , 1982, Planta.

[144]  J. E. Jackson,et al.  A computer model study of light interception by orchards in relation to mechanised harvesting and management. , 1980 .

[145]  J. Berry,et al.  A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species , 1980, Planta.

[146]  J. Berry,et al.  Photosynthetic Response and Adaptation to Temperature in Higher Plants , 1980 .

[147]  N. Dengler.  Comparative histological basis of sun and shade leaf dimorphism in Helianthus annuus , 1980 .

[148]  M. R. Thorpe,et al.  Responses of apple leaf stomata to environmental factors , 1980 .

[149]  M. R. Thorpe,et al.  Responses of apple leaf stomata: a model for single leaves and a whole tree , 1980 .

[150]  J. W. Palmer,et al.  A Simple Model of Light Transmission and Interception by Discontinuous Canopies , 1979 .

[151]  A. Lakso.  Seasonal Changes in Stomatal Response to Leaf Water Potential in Apple1 , 1979, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[152]  M. R. Thorpe,et al.  Photosynthesis and transpiration of an isolated tree: model and validation , 1978 .

[153]  A. Lakso,et al.  Environmentally Induced Responses of Apple Tree Photosynthesis1 , 1978, HortScience.

[154]  P. Tomlinson,et al.  Tropical Trees and Forests: An Architectural Analysis , 1978 .

[155]  M. R. Thorpe,et al.  Photosynthetic characteristics of the leaves of ‘Golden Delicious’ appletrees , 1978 .

[156]  H. Honda,et al.  Tree Branch Angle: Maximizing Effective Leaf Area , 1978, Science.

[157]  R. Kammereck,et al.  Carbon Flux in Apple Trees: The Effects of Temperature and Light Intensity on Photosynthetic Rates1 , 1977, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[158]  N. Boardman.  Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. , 1977 .

[159]  R. Musselman,et al.  Effects of Cloudiness on Interior Diffuse Light in Apple Trees1 , 1976, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[160]  P. Jarvis.  The Interpretation of the Variations in Leaf Water Potential and Stomatal Conductance Found in Canopies in the Field , 1976 .

[161]  M. R. Thorpe,et al.  Diurnal Energy, Water and CO 2 Exchanges in an Apple (Malus pumila) Orchard , 1975 .

[162]  J. A. Barden,et al.  Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, Specific Leaf Weight, and Growth of Young Apple Trees as Influenced by Light Regime1 , 1974, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[163]  J. W. Palmer,et al.  Interception of Light by Model Hedgerow Orchards in Relation to Latitude, Time of Year and Hedgerow Configuration and Orientation , 1972 .

[164]  K. Kubitzki,et al.  Architecture of Tropical Trees@@@Essai sur l'architecture et la dynamique de croissance des arbres tropicaux , 1972 .

[165]  P. Schoch.  Effects of Shading on Structural Characteristics of the Leaf and Yield of Fruit in Capsicum annuum L1,2 , 1972, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[166]  C. B. Beck,et al.  COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PRIMARY VASCULAR SYSTEMS IN SOME SPECIES OF ROSACEAE AND LEGUMINOSAE , 1972 .

[167]  B. Loveys,et al.  Abscisic Acid and stomatal regulation. , 1972, Plant physiology.

[168]  J. Hesketh,et al.  The effect of temperature on stomatal aperture in different species , 1969 .

[169]  C. Whittingham,et al.  Photosynthesis , 1941, Nature.

[170]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Using L-systems for modeling the architecture and physiology of growing trees: The L-PEACH model , 2004 .

[171]  H Sinoquet,et al.  Exploring within-tree architectural development of two apple tree cultivars over 6 years. , 2003, Annals of botany.

[172]  C. Parveaud.  Elaboration de plantes virtuelles tridimensionnelles de noyers hybrides et simulation du bilan radiatif , 2002 .

[173]  J. Pereira,et al.  Effects of long‐term exposure to elevated CO2 and N fertilization on the development of photosynthetic capacity and biomass accumulation in Quercus suber L. , 2002 .

[174]  R. Tognetti,et al.  Stomatal behaviour and water use efficiency in two cultivars of Olea europaea L. , 2002 .

[175]  A. Naor,et al.  The effect of three rootstocks on water use, canopy conductance and hydraulic parameters of apple trees and predicting canopy from hydraulic conductance , 2002 .

[176]  Michael G. Ryan,et al.  Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis vary linearly with plant hydraulic conductance in ponderosa pine , 2001 .

[177]  Govindjee,et al.  Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration: Focus on Plant Respiration , 2005, Photosynthesis Research.

[178]  Tancrède Almeras,et al.  Acquisition de la forme des axes ligneux d'un an chez trois variétés d'abricotier : confrontation de données expérimentales à un modèle biomécanique , 2001 .

[179]  I. Terashima,et al.  The effect of growth irradiance on leaf anatomy and photosynthesis in maple species , 2001 .

[180]  J. Wünsche,et al.  Apple tree physiology - implications for orchard and tree management. , 2000 .

[181]  T. Koike,et al.  Susceptibility to photoinhibition of three deciduous broadleaf tree species with different successional traits raised under various light regimes , 2000 .

[182]  John W. Palmer,et al.  Effects of crop load on fruiting and gas-exchange characteristics of 'Braeburn'/M.26 apple trees at full canopy. , 2000 .

[183]  Fuchigami,et al.  Rubisco activation state decreases with increasing nitrogen content in apple leaves , 2000, Journal of experimental botany.

[184]  Christophe Godin,et al.  Exploration of a plant architecture database with the AMAPmod software illustrated on an apple tree hybrid family , 1999 .

[185]  P. Jarvis,et al.  Interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and drought on cherry (Prunus avium) seedlings II. Photosynthetic capacity and water relations , 1999 .

[186]  P. Reich,et al.  Relationships of leaf dark respiration to leaf nitrogen , specific and leaf life-span : a test across biomes and functional groups leaf area , 1998 .

[187]  D. A. King,et al.  The Functional Significance of Leaf Angle in Eucalyptus , 1997 .

[188]  I. R. Cowan,et al.  The apparent feedforward response of stomata to air vapour pressure deficit: information revealed by different experimental procedures with two rainforest trees , 1997 .

[189]  H. Sinoquet,et al.  Assessment of the three-dimensional architecture of walnut trees using digitising , 1997 .

[190]  Yves Caraglio,et al.  Revue critique des termes relatifs à la croissance et à la ramification des tiges des végétaux vasculaires , 1997 .

[191]  Yves Caraglio,et al.  Architecture, gradients morphogénétiques et âge physiologique chez les végétaux , 1997 .

[192]  M. Battaglia,et al.  Photosynthetic temperature responses of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[193]  R. Gucci,et al.  The effect of defruiting at different stages of fruit development on leaf photosynthesis of "Golden Delicious" apple. , 1995, Tree physiology.

[194]  J. Frossard,et al.  Physiologie intégrée de l'arbre fruitier : analyse et modélisation du fonctionnement de l'arbre en relation avec le climat , 1995 .

[195]  R. Muleo,et al.  STOMATAL CHARACTERISTICS IN PEACH TREE CANOPIES , 1993 .

[196]  F. Kappel,et al.  Orchard training systems influence early canopy development and light microclimate within apple tree canopies , 1993 .

[197]  R. Gucci,et al.  The effect of fruit harvest on photosyntetic rate, strch content, and chloroplast ultrastructure in leaves of Prunus avium L. , 1991 .

[198]  A. M. Cohen,et al.  Development of the Model , 1990 .

[199]  C. Valancogne,et al.  Une méthode de mesure du débit de sève brute dans de petits arbres par bilan de chaleur , 1989 .

[200]  A. Mancinelli.  INTERACTION BETWEEN CRYPTOCHROME AND PHYTOCHROME IN HIGHER PLANT PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS , 1989 .

[201]  T. Kuroiwa,et al.  Anatomical changes including chloroplast structure in peach leaves under different light conditions , 1988 .

[202]  D. Woolley,et al.  Patterns of assimilate transport from leaves to fruit within a kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) lateral , 1988 .

[203]  I. E. Woodrow,et al.  A Model Predicting Stomatal Conductance and its Contribution to the Control of Photosynthesis under Different Environmental Conditions , 1987 .

[204]  F. Daudet,et al.  Un système simple pour la mesure in situ des échanges gazeux de couverts végétaux de quelques mètres carrés de surface foliaire , 1987 .

[205]  Ernst-Detlef Schulze,et al.  Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Exchange in Response to Drought in the Atmosphere and in the Soil , 1986 .

[206]  M. Cannell,et al.  Dry matter partitioning in tree crops , 1985 .

[207]  D. L. Abbott.  The Apple Tree: Physiology and Management , 1984 .

[208]  K. Nakaseko,et al.  Canopy structure and light interception in potato plant , 1984 .

[209]  Stephen B. Powles,et al.  Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis Induced by Visible Light , 1984 .

[210]  H. Jones,et al.  Variation of leaf conductance and leaf water potential in apple orchards , 1984 .

[211]  J. Guinard,et al.  Etude de la levée de dormance et du débourrement des bourgeons de noyer (Juglans regia L., cv. « Franquette ») soumis à des températures supérieures à 15 °C au cours de leur période de repos apparent , 1983 .

[212]  B. Fails,et al.  Anatomy and morphology of sun- and shade-grown Ficus benjamina [Weeping fig]. , 1982 .

[213]  Prof. Dr. Francis Hallé,et al.  Tropical Trees and Forests , 1978, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[214]  I. R. Cowan.  Stomatal Behaviour and Environment , 1978 .

[215]  G. Farquhar.  Feedforward Responses of Stomata to Humidity , 1978 .

[216]  D. J. Avery.  MAXIMUM PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE-A CASE STUDY IN APPLE , 1977 .

[217]  J. E. Jackson,et al.  Effects of Shade on the Growth and Cropping of Apple Trees. III. Effects on Fruit Growth, Chemical Composition and Quality at Harvest and After Storage , 1977 .

[218]  A. Beakbane,et al.  A Relationship Between Stomatal Density and Growth Potential in Apple Rootstocks , 1975 .

[219]  E. M. Slack.  Studies of stomatal distribution on the leaves of four apple varieties , 1974 .

[220]  S. Ghosh,et al.  Internal structure and photosynthetic activity of different leaves of apple , 1973 .

[221]  R. Fulford.  The Morphogenesis of Apple BudsI. The Activity of the Apical Meristem , 1966 .

[222]  W. W..  Vergleichende Morphologie der höheren Pflanzen , 1938, Nature.