A model of transcriptional regulatory networks based on biases in the observed regulation rules

Control rules governing transciption of eukaryotic genes can be modeled as Boolean function, and these rules are strongly biased toward large numbers of "canalizing" inputs. The ensemble of networks with the observed canalizing bias presicts cells are in an ordered regime with convergent flow in transcription state space, a percolating subnetwork of genes fixed on or off an isolated islands of twinkling genes turning on or off, and a near power-law distribution of cascades of gene activity changes following perturbations. The data suggest that a given cell state or type can be represented as an attractor of transcriptional activity or flow over time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[1]  S. Liang,et al.  Median attractor and transients in random Boolean nets , 1996 .

[2]  G. Martin,et al.  Estrogen receptor-associated proteins: possible mediators of hormone-induced transcription. , 1994, Science.

[3]  R. Krumlauf,et al.  Role of a conserved retinoic acid response element in rhombomere restriction of Hoxb-1. , 1994, Science.

[4]  L. Glass,et al.  STEADY STATES, LIMIT CYCLES, AND CHAOS IN MODELS OF COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS , 1991 .

[5]  K. Kinzler,et al.  Characterization of human FAST-1, a TGFβ and activin signal transducer , 1998 .

[6]  M. Levine,et al.  Conversion of a dorsal‐dependent silencer into an enhancer: evidence for dorsal corepressors. , 1993, The EMBO journal.

[7]  M. Galligan,et al.  Retinoid X receptors stimulate and 9-cis retinoic acid inhibits 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-activated expression of the rat osteocalcin gene , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[8]  E. Davidson,et al.  Genomic cis-regulatory logic: experimental and computational analysis of a sea urchin gene. , 1998, Science.

[9]  Paul Tempst,et al.  Ligand-dependent transcription activation by nuclear receptors requires the DRIP complex , 1999, Nature.

[10]  L. Glass,et al.  Chaos in high-dimensional neural and gene networks , 1996 .

[11]  Wanjin Hong,et al.  A role for retinoblastoma protein in potentiating transcriptional activation by the glucocorticoid receptor , 1995, Nature.

[12]  W. Wahli,et al.  Signaling cross-talk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/retinoid X receptor and estrogen receptor through estrogen response elements. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[13]  R. Krumlauf,et al.  Positive cross-regulation and enhancer sharing: two mechanisms for specifying overlapping Hox expression patterns. , 1997, Genes & development.

[14]  Michael Levine,et al.  Binding affinities and cooperative interactions with bHLH activators delimit threshold responses to the dorsal gradient morphogen , 1993, Cell.

[15]  J. Manley,et al.  Functional interactions between the pelle kinase, Toll receptor, and tube suggest a mechanism for activation of dorsal. , 1996, Genes & development.

[16]  P Gruss,et al.  Separate elements cause lineage restriction and specify boundaries of Hox-1.1 expression. , 1991, Development.

[17]  B. Spiegelman,et al.  ADD1/SREBP1 promotes adipocyte differentiation and gene expression linked to fatty acid metabolism. , 1996, Genes & development.

[18]  T Lagrange,et al.  The general transcription factors of RNA polymerase II. , 1996, Genes & development.

[19]  Paolo Sassone-Corsi,et al.  Adaptive inducibility of CREM as transcriptional memory of circadian rhythms , 1996, Nature.

[20]  David D. Moore,et al.  Androstane metabolites bind to and deactivate the nuclear receptor CAR-β , 1998, Nature.

[21]  L. Glass,et al.  The logical analysis of continuous, non-linear biochemical control networks. , 1973, Journal of theoretical biology.

[22]  Gerald M Rubin,et al.  RETRACTED: TAFIIs Mediate Activation of Transcription in the Drosophila Embryo , 1996, Cell.

[23]  Liang,et al.  Power-Law Distributions in Some Random Boolean Networks. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[24]  K. Ozato,et al.  Recombinant thyroid hormone receptor and retinoid X receptor stimulate ligand-dependent transcription in vitro. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  D. Moore,et al.  An Orphan Nuclear Hormone Receptor That Lacks a DNA Binding Domain and Heterodimerizes with Other Receptors , 1996, Science.

[26]  D. Landsman,et al.  Requirement of a corepressor for Dr1-mediated repression of transcription. , 1996, Genes & development.

[27]  R. Albert,et al.  The large-scale organization of metabolic networks , 2000, Nature.

[28]  B. O’Malley,et al.  8 – Analysis of Cellular Messenger RNA Using Complementary DNA Probes , 1977 .

[29]  G P Nolan,et al.  The p65 subunit of NF-kappa B regulates I kappa B by two distinct mechanisms. , 1993, Genes & development.

[30]  J. Darnell,et al.  Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. , 1994, Science.

[31]  J. Lengyel,et al.  Binding sites for transcription factor NTF-1/Elf-1 contribute to the ventral repression of decapentaplegic. , 1995, Genes & development.

[32]  H. Weintraub,et al.  The intracellular domain of mouse Notch: a constitutively activated repressor of myogenesis directed at the basic helix-loop-helix region of MyoD. , 1994, Development.

[33]  T. Ikonen,et al.  Stimulation of androgen-regulated transactivation by modulators of protein phosphorylation. , 1994, Endocrinology.

[34]  U Bastolla,et al.  A numerical study of the critical line of Kauffman networks. , 1997, Journal of theoretical biology.

[35]  Gérard Weisbuch,et al.  Phase transition in cellular random Boolean nets , 1987 .

[36]  M. Levine,et al.  Short-range repression permits multiple enhancers to function autonomously within a complex promoter. , 1994, Genes & development.

[37]  J. Barker,et al.  Developmental kinetics of GAD family mRNAs parallel neurogenesis in the rat spinal cord , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[38]  K. Luo,et al.  Negative Feedback Regulation of TGF-β Signaling by the SnoN Oncoprotein , 1999 .

[39]  Jun Ma,et al.  An HMG-like protein that can switch a transcriptional activator to a repressor , 1994, Nature.

[40]  B. Burg,et al.  A Dual Mechanism Mediates Repression of NF-κB Activity by Glucocorticoids , 1998 .

[41]  S. Kauffman Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets. , 1969, Journal of theoretical biology.

[42]  K. Umesono,et al.  Unique response pathways are established by allosteric interactions among nuclear hormone receptors , 1995, Cell.

[43]  C. Murre,et al.  extradenticle Raises the DNA binding specificity of homeotic selector gene products , 1994, Cell.

[44]  J. Lengyel,et al.  The torso response element binds GAGA and NTF-1/Elf-1, and regulates tailless by relief of repression. , 1995, Genes & development.

[45]  W. Gu,et al.  Reversal of terminal differentiation mediated by p107 in Rb-/- muscle cells. , 1994, Science.

[46]  D. Grueneberg,et al.  A multifunctional DNA-binding protein that promotes the formation of serum response factor/homeodomain complexes: identity to TFII-I. , 1997, Genes & development.

[47]  A. Arkin,et al.  Stochastic mechanisms in gene expression. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  J. Davies,et al.  Molecular Biology of the Cell , 1983, Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Journal.

[49]  R. Tjian,et al.  DNA Template and Activator-Coactivator Requirements for Transcriptional Synergism by Drosophila Bicoid , 1995, Science.

[50]  D D Belsham,et al.  A neuron-specific enhancer targets expression of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene to hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[51]  E. Olson,et al.  Dimerization through the helix-loop-helix motif enhances phosphorylation of the transcription activation domains of myogenin. , 1994, Molecular and cellular biology.

[52]  Falk Weih,et al.  The cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate- and the glucocorticoid-dependent enhancers are targets for insulin repression of tyrosine aminotransferase gene transcription. , 1994, Molecular endocrinology.

[53]  Françoise Fogelman-Soulié,et al.  Disordered Systems and Biological Organization , 1986, NATO ASI Series.

[54]  M. Levine,et al.  Transcriptional coregulators in development. , 1999, Science.

[55]  M. Scott,et al.  Regulation of a decapentaplegic midgut enhancer by homeotic proteins. , 1994, Development.

[56]  Roger Brent,et al.  Groucho is required for Drosophila neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination and interacts directly with hairy-related bHLH proteins , 1994, Cell.

[57]  Ronald W. Davis,et al.  Quantitative Monitoring of Gene Expression Patterns with a Complementary DNA Microarray , 1995, Science.

[58]  J A Gustafsson,et al.  Negative cross-talk between RelA and the glucocorticoid receptor: a possible mechanism for the antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[59]  F. Lee,et al.  The E2A and tal-1 helix-loop-helix proteins associate in vivo and are modulated by Id proteins during interleukin 6-induced myeloid differentiation. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  E. Lander The New Genomics: Global Views of Biology , 1996, Science.

[61]  R. Eisenman,et al.  A switch from Myc:Max to Mad:Max heterocomplexes accompanies monocyte/macrophage differentiation. , 1993, Genes & development.

[62]  B M Raaka,et al.  A sequence in the rat Pit-1 gene promoter confers synergistic activation by glucocorticoids and protein kinase-C. , 1994, Molecular endocrinology.

[63]  Juan Botas,et al.  The DNA binding specificity of ultrabithorax is modulated by cooperative interactions with extradenticle, another homeoprotein , 1994, Cell.

[64]  B. Derrida,et al.  Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional Kauffman Cellular Automata , 1986 .

[65]  Yasunori Tanaka,et al.  Sonic Hedgehog-induced Activation of the Gli1Promoter Is Mediated by GLI3* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[66]  M. Beato,et al.  Hormone-induced Recruitment of Sp1 Mediates Estrogen Activation of the Rabbit Uteroglobin Gene in Endometrial Epithelium* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[67]  A. Lassar,et al.  Inhibition of Myogenic bHLH and MEF2 Transcription Factors by the bHLH Protein Twist , 1996, Science.

[68]  P. Rigby,et al.  The regulation of myogenin gene expression during the embryonic development of the mouse. , 1993, Genes & development.

[69]  M Hoch,et al.  Competition for overlapping sites in the regulatory region of the Drosophila gene Krüppel. , 1992, Science.

[70]  D. Fell,et al.  The small world of metabolism , 2000, Nature Biotechnology.

[71]  Ji Huang,et al.  [Serial analysis of gene expression]. , 2002, Yi chuan = Hereditas.

[72]  B. Derrida,et al.  Evolution of overlaps between configurations in random Boolean networks , 1986 .

[73]  N. Shikama,et al.  A novel cofactor for p300 that regulates the p53 response. , 1999, Molecular cell.

[74]  E. Olson,et al.  Myogenin induces the myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor MEF-2 independently of other muscle-specific gene products. , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[75]  M. Tsai,et al.  Tissue-specific regulation of the insulin gene by a novel basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. , 1995, Genes & development.

[76]  R. Eisenman,et al.  Mad-max transcriptional repression is mediated by ternary complex formation with mammalian homologs of yeast repressor Sin3 , 1995, Cell.

[77]  S. Harrison,et al.  Structure of the DNA-binding domains from NFAT, Fos and Jun bound specifically to DNA , 1998, Nature.

[78]  B. Nadal-Ginard,et al.  Activation of the myogenic lineage by MEF2A, a factor that induces and cooperates with MyoD. , 1994, Science.

[79]  S. Kauffman Gene regulation networks: a theory for their global structure and behaviors. , 1971, Current topics in developmental biology.

[80]  M. Waters,et al.  Ternary complex factors Elk-1 and Sap-1a mediate growth hormone-induced transcription of egr-1 (early growth response factor-1) in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. , 1999, Molecular endocrinology.

[81]  K. Miyazono,et al.  E1A Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling through Binding to Smad Proteins* 210 , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[82]  J. Fernández,et al.  A functional interaction between the histone deacetylase Rpd3 and the corepressor groucho in Drosophila development. , 1999, Genes & development.

[83]  Leon Glass,et al.  Structure and dynamics of neural network oscillators , 1979, Brain Research.

[84]  M Bienz,et al.  Induction of labial expression in the Drosophila endoderm: response elements for dpp signalling and for autoregulation. , 1992, Development.

[85]  R. Somogyi,et al.  The gene expression matrix: towards the extraction of genetic network architectures , 1997 .

[86]  W. McGinnis,et al.  Deformed protein binding sites and cofactor binding sites are required for the function of a small segment‐specific regulatory element in Drosophila embryos. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[87]  Robin Lovell-Badge,et al.  Targeted Mutagenesis of the Endogenous Mouse Mis Gene Promoter In Vivo Definition of Genetic Pathways of Vertebrate Sexual Development , 1999, Cell.

[88]  A. Ray,et al.  Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-kappa B and the glucocorticoid receptor. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[89]  Mariann Bienz,et al.  A function of CBP as a transcriptional co‐activator during Dpp signalling , 1999, The EMBO journal.

[90]  B. O’Malley,et al.  Modulation of the ligand-independent activation of the human estrogen receptor by hormone and antihormone. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[91]  C. Glass,et al.  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and retinoic acid receptors differentially control the interactions of retinoid X receptor heterodimers with ligands, coactivators, and corepressors , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[92]  R Grosschedl,et al.  Assembly and function of a TCR alpha enhancer complex is dependent on LEF-1-induced DNA bending and multiple protein-protein interactions. , 1995, Genes & development.

[93]  E. Wagner,et al.  Control of cell cycle progression by c-Jun is p53 dependent. , 1999, Genes & development.

[94]  V. Pirrotta,et al.  The bx region enhancer, a distant cis‐control element of the Drosophila Ubx gene and its regulation by hunchback and other segmentation genes. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[95]  D. Lockhart,et al.  Expression monitoring by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays , 1996, Nature Biotechnology.

[96]  Thorsten Heinzel,et al.  A CBP Integrator Complex Mediates Transcriptional Activation and AP-1 Inhibition by Nuclear Receptors , 1996, Cell.

[97]  Richard S. Mann,et al.  Segmental expression of Hoxb-1 is controlled by a highly conserved autoregulatory loop dependent upon exd/pbx , 1995, Cell.

[98]  G. Rodan,et al.  Activity of the rat osteocalcin basal promoter in osteoblastic cells is dependent upon homeodomain and CP1 binding motifs. , 1994, Molecular endocrinology.

[99]  R. Buckle,et al.  Ligand-independent recruitment of steroid receptor coactivators to estrogen receptor by cyclin D1. , 1998, Genes & development.

[100]  K. Miyazono,et al.  Synergistic signaling in fetal brain by STAT3-Smad1 complex bridged by p300. , 1999, Science.

[101]  Robert Tjian,et al.  Multiple TAFIIs Directing Synergistic Activation of Transcription , 1995, Science.

[102]  David A. Case,et al.  Structural basis for DNA bending by the architectural transcription factor LEF-1 , 1995, Nature.

[103]  M. Lazar,et al.  Peroxisome proliferator and retinoid signaling pathways co-regulate preadipocyte phenotype and survival. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[104]  R. Tjian,et al.  TAFII250-dependent transcription of cyclin A is directed by ATF activator proteins. , 1997, Genes & development.

[105]  R. Roeder,et al.  Cloning of an intrinsic human TFIID subunit that interacts with multiple transcriptional activators , 1995, Science.

[106]  J Litvin,et al.  Commitment and differentiation of cardiac myocytes. , 1992, Trends in cardiovascular medicine.

[107]  C. Glass,et al.  Differential use of CREB binding protein-coactivator complexes. , 1998, Science.

[108]  Stuart A. Kauffman,et al.  ORIGINS OF ORDER , 2019, Origins of Order.

[109]  P. Mellon,et al.  Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone transcription by protein kinase C is mediated by evolutionarily conserved promoter-proximal elements. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[110]  C. Glass,et al.  Transcription factor-specific requirements for coactivators and their acetyltransferase functions. , 1998, Science.

[111]  Mariann Bienz,et al.  LEF-1, a Nuclear Factor Coordinating Signaling Inputs from wingless and decapentaplegic , 1997, Cell.

[112]  A. Gutierrez-Hartmann,et al.  Upstream stimulatory factor, a basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper protein, regulates the activity of the alpha-glycoprotein hormone subunit gene in pituitary cells. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[113]  B. Derrida,et al.  Random networks of automata: a simple annealed approximation , 1986 .

[114]  Steven F. Arnold,et al.  Synergistic Activation of Estrogen Receptor with Combinations of Environmental Chemicals , 1996, Science.

[115]  T. Dryja,et al.  A silencer element in the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. , 1994, Oncogene.

[116]  B. O’Malley,et al.  Sequence and Characterization of a Coactivator for the Steroid Hormone Receptor Superfamily , 1995, Science.

[117]  A. Maggi,et al.  Cross-coupling between insulin and estrogen receptor in human neuroblastoma cells. , 1996, Molecular endocrinology.

[118]  Guillaume Adelmant,et al.  Activation of PPARγ coactivator-1 through transcription factor docking , 1999 .

[119]  S. Kauffman Emergent properties in random complex automata , 1984 .

[120]  T Hunter,et al.  Prolyl Isomerases and Nuclear Function , 1998, Cell.

[121]  Juan Botas,et al.  Homeotic genes of the bithorax complex repress limb development in the abdomen of the Drosophila embryo through the target gene Distal-less , 1992, Cell.

[122]  S. Inoue,et al.  Role of the histone deacetylase complex in acute promyelocytic leukaemia , 1998, Nature.

[123]  Andrew Wuensche,et al.  The global dynamics of cellular automata : an atlas of basin of attraction fields of one-dimensional cellular automata , 1992 .

[124]  R Grosschedl,et al.  ALY, a context-dependent coactivator of LEF-1 and AML-1, is required for TCRalpha enhancer function. , 1997, Genes & development.

[125]  Barbara Wold,et al.  HLH forced dimers: Tethering MyoD to E47 generates a dominant positive myogenic factor insulated from negative regulation by Id , 1993, Cell.

[126]  Jay W. Schneider,et al.  Interaction of myogenic factors and the retinoblastoma protein mediates muscle cell commitment and differentiation , 1993, Cell.

[127]  A. Moustakas,et al.  Regulation of the human p21/WAF1/Cip1 promoter in hepatic cells by functional interactions between Sp1 and Smad family members. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[128]  L. Freedman,et al.  Transcriptional synergism between the vitamin D3 receptor and other nonreceptor transcription factors. , 1994, Molecular endocrinology.

[129]  S. Minucci,et al.  T cell activation and increases in protein kinase C activity enhance retinoic acid-induced gene transcription. , 1994, Molecular endocrinology.

[130]  E. Davidson,et al.  Spatial and temporal information processing in the sea urchin embryo: modular and intramodular organization of the CyIIIa gene cis-regulatory system. , 1996, Development.

[131]  P. Deloukas,et al.  A Gene Map of the Human Genome , 1996, Science.

[132]  Qiang Zhou,et al.  The Ski oncoprotein interacts with the Smad proteins to repress TGFbeta signaling. , 1999, Genes & development.

[133]  G. Parisi,et al.  Closing probabilities in the Kauffman model: an annealed computation , 1995, cond-mat/9510137.

[134]  S. Kauffman The large scale structure and dynamics of gene control circuits: an ensemble approach. , 1974, Journal of theoretical biology.

[135]  L. Glass,et al.  Transition to chaos in models of genetic networks , 1999 .

[136]  S. Safe,et al.  Transcriptional activation of c-fos protooncogene by 17beta-estradiol: mechanism of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated inhibition. , 1999, Molecular endocrinology.

[137]  Robert Tjian,et al.  Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain , 1987, Cell.

[138]  R. Hammer,et al.  Cooperation between elements of an organ-specific transcriptional enhancer in animals , 1995, Molecular and cellular biology.

[139]  S. Goff,et al.  Inhibition of transcriptional regulator Yin-Yang-1 by association with c-Myc. , 1993, Science.

[140]  T. Kadesch,et al.  Displacement of an E-box-binding repressor by basic helix-loop-helix proteins: implications for B-cell specificity of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer , 1994, Molecular and cellular biology.

[141]  D. Baltimore,et al.  TANK, a co-inducer with TRAF2 of TNF- and CD 40L-mediated NF-kappaB activation. , 1996, Genes & development.

[142]  Dimitris Thanos,et al.  Reversal of intrinsic DNA bends in the IFNβ gene enhancer by transcription factors and the architectural protein HMG I(Y) , 1995, Cell.

[143]  J. Martín,et al.  Repression of myogenin function by TGF-beta 1 is targeted at the basic helix-loop-helix motif and is independent of E2A products. , 1992, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[144]  H. Lodish,et al.  Synergistic cooperation of TFE3 and smad proteins in TGF-beta-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene. , 1998, Genes & development.

[145]  W. Bender,et al.  Enhancer point mutation results in a homeotic transformation in Drosophila. , 1994, Science.

[146]  M D Biggin,et al.  Redundant control of Ultrabithorax by zeste involves functional levels of zeste protein binding at the Ultrabithorax promoter. , 1996, Development.

[147]  P. Hoodless,et al.  Smad2 and Smad3 positively and negatively regulate TGF beta-dependent transcription through the forkhead DNA-binding protein FAST2. , 1998, Molecular cell.

[148]  M. Pfahl,et al.  Thyroid hormone receptor homodimers can function as ligand-sensitive repressors. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[149]  Richard J Smeyne,et al.  Regulation of c-fos expression in transgenic mice requires multiple interdependent transcription control elements , 1995, Neuron.

[150]  Tony Kouzarides,et al.  Stimulation of E2F1/DP1 transcriptional activity by MDM2 oncoprotein , 1995, Nature.

[151]  A. Gutierrez-Hartmann,et al.  Reconstitution of protein kinase A regulation of the rat prolactin promoter in HeLa nonpituitary cells: identification of both GHF-1/Pit-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. , 1995, Molecular endocrinology.

[152]  Andrew Wuensche The Ghost in the Machine , 1994 .

[153]  B Staels,et al.  A truncated human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha splice variant with dominant negative activity. , 1999, Molecular endocrinology.

[154]  S. Roth,et al.  The global transcriptional regulators, SSN6 and TUP1, play distinct roles in the establishment of a repressive chromatin structure. , 1994, Genes & development.

[155]  J. Eberwine,et al.  Analysis of gene expression in single live neurons. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[156]  M. Guenther,et al.  Coactivators for the Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORα , 1999 .

[157]  A. Kimchi,et al.  Interferons and interleukin-6 suppress the DNA-binding activity of E2F in growth-sensitive hematopoietic cells , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[158]  E. Olson,et al.  Separable regulatory elements governing myogenin transcription in mouse embryogenesis. , 1993, Science.

[159]  Thomas M. Cover,et al.  Elements of Information Theory , 2005 .

[160]  E. Davidson,et al.  Cis-regulatory logic in the endo16 gene: switching from a specification to a differentiation mode of control. , 2001, Development.

[161]  Brian Raught,et al.  C/EBPβ, but not C/EBPα, is essential for ductal morphogenesis, lobuloalveolar proliferation, and functional differentiation in the mouse mammary gland , 1998 .

[162]  Myles Brown,et al.  Polarity-specific activities of retinoic acid receptors determined by a co-repressor , 1995, Nature.

[163]  T R Butt,et al.  Retinoid X receptor isotype identity directs human vitamin D receptor heterodimer transactivation from the 24-hydroxylase vitamin D response elements in yeast. , 1996, Molecular endocrinology.

[164]  David J. Anderson,et al.  Subregion- and Cell Type–Restricted Gene Knockout in Mouse Brain , 1996, Cell.