Helical distributions of stokeslets
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Helical distributions of stokeslets can valuably model microbial locomotion through a fluid, and also the flow field generated, wherever a flagellum actively executes helical undulations (as in many single-celled algae and protozoa) or where (as in many bacteria) the action of rotary motors causes a passive structure of helical shape (which may be a flagellum or else the cell body itself) to rotate. Here, previous biomechanical studies of such modes of locomotion are extended to include analyses of three-dimensional flow fields. In some cases, a rotlet field (curl of a stokeslet) needs to be incorporated in the models. For example, spirochete swimming is modelled by combined helical distributions of stokeslets and rotlets; the computed flow field being confined to within distances of less than twice the radius of the cell body's helical shape from its axis, while including a powerful jet-like interior flow through the coils of the swimming spirochete.