How Many Penguins Can Hide Under an Umbrella? An Examination of How Lay Conceptions Conceal the Contexts of Free/Open Source Software

The Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) development model has, without a doubt, transformed software development practices. At the industry level, FOSS has gained increasing significance to commercial activity (Hyatt & Mickos, 2008). Projects such as Linux, Apache, and Mozilla have proven to be serious competitors for industry leaders (Asay 2013; Phipps 2012). Furthermore, the FOSS production model is steadily gaining ground in the production of information-based and cultural goods (Hahn et al., 2008) while the FOSS model of innovation is diffusing into a variety of other fields and industries such as technical design, pharmaceuticals, or biotechnology (von Krogh and Spaeth, 2007). It has also diffused into a wide array of domains, spawning commons-based peer production initiatives such as Wikipedia or OpenStreetMap.

[1]  David Williams,et al.  Describing the Software Forge Ecosystem , 2012, 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[2]  Pankaj Setia,et al.  How Peripheral Developers Contribute to Open-Source Software Development , 2012, Inf. Syst. Res..

[3]  Sandeep Krishnamurthy,et al.  Cave or Community? An Empirical Examination of 100 Mature Open Source Projects , 2002, First Monday.

[4]  Lee Sproull,et al.  Essence of Distributed Work: The Case of the Linux Kernel , 2000, First Monday.

[5]  Carola Jungwirth,et al.  Pervasive fun , 2007, First Monday.

[6]  Gregorio Robles,et al.  The processes of joining in global distributed software projects , 2006, GSD '06.

[7]  Niels Jørgensen,et al.  Putting it all in the trunk: incremental software development in the FreeBSD open source project , 2001, Inf. Syst. J..

[8]  Magnus Bergquist,et al.  The power of gifts: organizing social relationships in open source communities , 2001, Inf. Syst. J..

[9]  Guy Paré,et al.  Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews , 2015, Inf. Manag..

[10]  Gregorio Robles,et al.  Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study - FLOSS FINAL REPORT , 2002 .

[11]  Kevin Crowston,et al.  Free/Libre open-source software development: What we know and what we do not know , 2012, CSUR.

[12]  Stefan Koch,et al.  Effort, co‐operation and co‐ordination in an open source software project: GNOME , 2002, Inf. Syst. J..

[13]  Juan-Mariano de Goyeneche,et al.  Loadable Kernel Modules , 1999, IEEE Softw..

[14]  D. Sandy Staples,et al.  The Governance and Control of Open Source Software Projects , 2013, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[15]  Christian Payne,et al.  On the security of open source software , 2002, Inf. Syst. J..

[16]  Katherine J. Stewart,et al.  The Effects of Diversity in Global, Distributed Collectives: A Study of Open Source Project Success , 2013, Inf. Syst. Res..

[17]  J. Barker.  Tightening the Iron Cage: Concertive Control in Self-Managing Teams , 1993 .

[18]  Georg von Krogh,et al.  Open Source Software and the "Private-Collective" Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science , 2003, Organ. Sci..

[19]  Megan Squire.  Forge++: The Changing Landscape of FLOSS Development , 2014, 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[20]  Gang Peng,et al.  Network ties and the success of open source software development , 2013, J. Strateg. Inf. Syst..

[21]  Robert J. Vandenberg,et al.  An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Cure: Improving Research Quality Before Data Collection , 2014 .

[22]  Alexander Hars,et al.  Working for Free? Motivations for Participating in Open-Source Projects , 2002, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[23]  Yulin Fang,et al.  Understanding Sustained Participation in Open Source Software Projects , 2009, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[24]  Neil Fligstein,et al.  FROM THE TRANSFORMATION OF CORPORATE CONTROL , 2021, The New Economic Sociology.

[25]  John Edwards.  The Changing Face of Freeware , 1998, Computer.

[26]  G. Johnson.  The essential impact of context on organizational behavior , 2006 .

[27]  Kevin Crowston,et al.  The Perils and Pitfalls of Mining SourceForge , 2004, MSR.

[28]  Detmar W. Straub,et al.  Validating Instruments in MIS Research , 1989, MIS Q..

[29]  Robin Williams,et al.  Research Commentary - Moving Beyond the Single Site Implementation Study: How (and Why) We Should Study the Biography of Packaged Enterprise Solutions , 2012, Inf. Syst. Res..

[30]  Fred Niederman,et al.  Research Agenda for Studying Open Source II: View Through the Lens of Referent Discipline Theories , 2006, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[31]  Tom Brier,et al.  Communications of the Association for Information Systems , 1999 .

[32]  Param Vir Singh,et al.  Developer Heterogeneity and Formation of Communication Networks in Open Source Software Projects , 2011, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[33]  Samuel B. Bacharach,et al.  Organizational Theories: Some Criteria for Evaluation , 1989 .

[34]  Shih-Wei Chou,et al.  The factors that affect the performance of open source software development – the perspective of social capital and expertise integration , 2011, Inf. Syst. J..

[35]  Andrea Bonaccorsi,et al.  Entry Strategies Under Competing Standards: Hybrid Business Models in the Open Source Software Industry , 2006, Manag. Sci..

[36]  Chandrasekar Subramaniam,et al.  Determinants of the Choice of Open Source Software License , 2008, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[37]  J. M. Beyer,et al.  Studying Organizational Cultures Through Rites and Ceremonials , 1984 .

[38]  Budi Arief,et al.  focus developing with open source software The Many Meanings of Open Source , 2022 .

[39]  Walt Scacchi,et al.  Collaboration Practices and Affordances in Free/Open Source Software Development , 2010, Collaborative Software Engineering.

[40]  Param Vir Singh,et al.  A Hidden Markov Model of Developer Learning Dynamics in Open Source Software Projects , 2011, Inf. Syst. Res..

[41]  Viswanath Venkatesh,et al.  Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide: Guidelines for Conducting Mixed Methods Research in Information Systems , 2013, MIS Q..

[42]  Ping Zhang,et al.  The Effects of Extrinsic Motivations and Satisfaction in Open Source Software Development , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[43]  J. Herbsleb,et al.  Two case studies of open source software development: Apache and Mozilla , 2002, TSEM.

[44]  Chandrasekar Subramaniam,et al.  Determinants of open source software project success: A longitudinal study , 2009, Decis. Support Syst..

[45]  Austen Rainer,et al.  Evaluating the Quality and Quantity of Data on Open Source Software Projects , 2005 .

[46]  Brian Fitzgerald,et al.  Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects , 2007 .

[47]  Massimiliano Di Penta,et al.  Measuring and Predicting the Linux Kernel Evolution , 2001 .

[48]  Robert D. Galliers,et al.  Change as Crisis or Growth? Toward a Trans-disciplinary View of Information Systems as a Field of Study: A Response to Benbasat and Zmud's Call for Returning to the IT Artifact , 2003, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[49]  William N. Robinson,et al.  Two Rule-Based Natural Language Strategies for Requirements Discovery and Classification in Open Source Software Development Projects , 2012, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[50]  InduShobha N. Chengalur-Smith,et al.  Sustainability of Free/Libre Open Source Projects: A Longitudinal Study , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[51]  Param Vir Singh,et al.  Network Effects: The Influence of Structural Capital on Open Source Project Success , 2011, MIS Q..

[52]  Chandrasekar Subramaniam,et al.  Understanding Open Source Software: A Research Classification Framework , 2006, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[53]  Tony Cornford,et al.  Hierarchy, Laboratory and Collective: Unveiling Linux as Innovation, Machination and Constitution , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[54]  Katherine J. Stewart,et al.  The Impact of Ideology on Effectiveness in Open Source Software Development Teams , 2006, MIS Q..

[55]  Pär J. Ågerfalk,et al.  Outsourcing to an Unknown Workforce: Exploring Opensourcing as a Global Sourcing Strategy , 2008, MIS Q..

[56]  John M. Carroll,et al.  Characterizing the Dynamics of Open User Experience Design: The Cases of Firefox and OpenOffice.org , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[57]  Yulin Fang,et al.  Following the Sun: Temporal Dispersion and Performance in Open Source Software Project Teams , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[58]  Joachim Henkel,et al.  Code Reuse in Open Source Software Development: Quantitative Evidence, Drivers, and Impediments , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[59]  Jos van Hillegersberg,et al.  Exploring the impact of socio-technical core-periphery structures in open source software development , 2010, J. Inf. Technol..

[60]  Cecil Eng Huang Chua,et al.  Artifacts, Actors, and Interactions in the Cross-Project Coordination Practices of Open-Source Communities , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[61]  Chen Zhang,et al.  Research Note - Continued Participation in Online Innovation Communities: Does Community Response Matter Equally for Everyone? , 2013, Inf. Syst. Res..

[62]  Richard L. Daft,et al.  Learning the Craft of Organizational Research , 1983 .

[63]  Reidar Conradi,et al.  Adoption of open source software in software-intensive organizations - A systematic literature review , 2010, Inf. Softw. Technol..

[64]  Chen Zhang,et al.  Emergence of New Project Teams from Open Source Software Developer Networks: Impact of Prior Collaboration Ties , 2008, Inf. Syst. Res..

[65]  Brian Fitzgerald,et al.  Understanding Free/Open Source Software Development Processes , 2006, Softw. Process. Improv. Pract..

[66]  Walt Scacchi,et al.  Role Migration and Advancement Processes in OSSD Projects: A Comparative Case Study , 2007, 29th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'07).

[67]  Richard Torkar,et al.  Adopting Free/Libre/Open Source Software Practices, Techniques and Methods for Industrial Use , 2011, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[68]  Evangelia Berdou,et al.  Insiders and outsiders: paid contributors and the dynamics of cooperation in community led F/OS projects , 2006, OSS.

[69]  Wen Wen,et al.  Research Note - The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement on Open Source Software Project Success , 2013, Inf. Syst. Res..

[70]  Kevin Crowston,et al.  The social structure of free and open source software development , 2005, First Monday.

[71]  Brian Fitzgerald,et al.  The Transformation of Open Source Software , 2006, MIS Q..

[72]  Mark Aberdour.  A people-focused , 2022 .

[73]  Arvind K. Tripathi,et al.  Acceptance of monetary rewards in open source software development , 2014 .

[74]  THE HAGUE-THE NETHERLANDS , 2022 .

[75]  Sebastian Spaeth,et al.  The open source software phenomenon: Characteristics that promote research , 2007, J. Strateg. Inf. Syst..

[76]  Wanda J. Orlikowski,et al.  Research Commentary: Desperately Seeking the "IT" in IT Research - A Call to Theorizing the IT Artifact , 2001, Inf. Syst. Res..

[77]  R. Suddaby.  Editor's Comments: Construct Clarity in Theories of Management and Organization , 2010 .

[78]  Hazeline U. Asuncion,et al.  Software Licenses in Context: The Challenge of Heterogeneously-Licensed Systems , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[79]  W. Scacchi.  Free/Open Source Software Development: Recent Research Results and Methods , 2007, Adv. Comput..

[80]  Vijayan Sugumaran,et al.  A framework for creating hybrid‐open source software communities , 2002, Inf. Syst. J..

[81]  Michael J. Gallivan,et al.  Striking a balance between trust and control in a virtual organization: a content analysis of open source software case studies , 2001, Inf. Syst. J..

[82]  Kouichi Kishida,et al.  Toward an understanding of the motivation of open source software developers , 2003, 25th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2003. Proceedings..

[83]  Beth A. Bechky,et al.  The Emergence of Governance in an Open Source Community , 2007 .

[84]  Brian Fitzgerald,et al.  From Peer Production to Productization: A Study of Socially Enabled Business Exchanges in Open Source Service Networks , 2008, Inf. Syst. Res..

[85]  Jan Ljungberg,et al.  Open source movements as a model for organising , 2000, ECIS.

[86]  Sebastian Spaeth,et al.  Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and Social Practice in Open Source Software Development , 2012, MIS Q..

[87]  John N. Williams,et al.  Generalization and Induction: Misconceptions, Clarifications, and a Classification of Induction , 2012, MIS Q..

[88]  Guido Hertel,et al.  Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel , 2003 .

[89]  Vijay S. Mookerjee,et al.  Human Capital Development for Programmers Using Open Source Software , 2012, MIS Q..

[90]  Padmal Vitharana,et al.  Impact of Internal Open Source Development on Reuse: Participatory Reuse in Action , 2010, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[91]  Katsuro Inoue,et al.  Principles of software evolution: 5th international workshop on principles of software evolution (IWPSE 2002) , 2002, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering. ICSE 2002.

[92]  Jerker Denrell,et al.  Selective Sampling of Empirical Settings in Organizational Studies , 2008 .

[93]  Kouichi Kishida,et al.  Evolution patterns of open-source software systems and communities , 2002, IWPSE '02.