Update on treatment and preventive interventions against COVID-19: an overview of potential pharmacological agents and vaccines

[1]  Yunwei Lou,et al.  The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, Structure, Function, and Antigenicity: Implications for the Design of Spike-Based Vaccine Immunogens , 2020, Frontiers in Immunology.

[2]  G. Guyatt,et al.  A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19 , 2020, BMJ.

[3]  Lisa E. Gralinski,et al.  A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2 , 2020, Cell.

[4]  E. Compeer,et al.  SARS-CoV-2 vaccine — think globally, act locally , 2020, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[5]  Z. Qian,et al.  Mesenchymal stem cells: current clinical progress in ARDS and COVID-19 , 2020, Stem Cell Research & Therapy.

[6]  V. Manolopoulos,et al.  Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry through the ACE2/TMPRSS2 pathway: a promising approach for uncovering early COVID-19 drug therapies , 2020, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[7]  Nicolas Carlier,et al.  Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients , 2020, Science.

[8]  Jianfei Ye,et al.  COVID‐19: Phylogenetic approaches may help in finding resources for natural cure , 2020, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[9]  Shabana,et al.  COVID-19: Clinical aspects and therapeutics responses , 2020, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal.

[10]  H. Sharpe,et al.  The early landscape of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world , 2020, Immunology.

[11]  S. Shirazi,et al.  Recovery of severely ill COVID-19 patients by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment: A case series , 2020, Virology.

[12]  Y. Hu,et al.  Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial , 2020, The Lancet.

[13]  M. Riddle,et al.  Clinical outcomes in COVID‐19 patients treated with tocilizumab: An individual patient data systematic review , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[14]  P. Sorger,et al.  SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques , 2020, Science.

[15]  Daniel W. Kulp,et al.  Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19 , 2020, Nature Communications.

[16]  Fu-Sheng Wang,et al.  Rationale for the clinical use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for COVID-19 patients , 2020, Journal of Translational Medicine.

[17]  A. Hassoun,et al.  Utilizing tocilizumab for the treatment of cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19. , 2020, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[18]  C. van Nieuwkoop,et al.  Safety considerations for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 , 2020, Clinical Microbiology and Infection.

[19]  E. Fish,et al.  Interferon-α2b Treatment for COVID-19 , 2020, Frontiers in Immunology.

[20]  T. Bove,et al.  Profiling COVID-19 pneumonia progressing into the cytokine storm syndrome: results from a single Italian Centre study on tocilizumab versus standard of care , 2020, Journal of Clinical Virology.

[21]  E. Wood,et al.  Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a rapid review. , 2020, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[22]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in COVID-19 based on evidence for COVID-19, other coronavirus infections, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[23]  P. Ravaud,et al.  Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data , 2020, BMJ.

[24]  E. Farag,et al.  COVID-19: Learning from Lessons To Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions , 2020, mSphere.

[25]  M. Sormani,et al.  Impact of low dose tocilizumab on mortality rate in patients with COVID-19 related pneumonia , 2020, European Journal of Internal Medicine.

[26]  David R. Holtgrave,et al.  Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State , 2020, The Journal of Emergency Medicine.

[27]  Barney S. Graham,et al.  Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development , 2020, Science.

[28]  M. Gadina,et al.  HiJAKing SARS-CoV-2? The potential role of JAK inhibitors in the management of COVID-19 , 2020, Science Immunology.

[29]  G. Hripcsak,et al.  Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  J. Badie,et al.  Tocilizumab therapy reduced intensive care unit admissions and/or mortality in COVID-19 patients , 2020, Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses.

[31]  M. Merad,et al.  Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science , 2020, Immunity.

[32]  Z. Memish,et al.  Therapeutic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other viral infections: A narrative review , 2020, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.

[33]  R. Gale,et al.  Impact of corticosteroid therapy on outcomes of persons with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, Leukemia.

[34]  A. Omrani,et al.  Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[35]  Y. Shoenfeld,et al.  Convalescent plasma in Covid-19: Possible mechanisms of action , 2020, Autoimmunity Reviews.

[36]  D. Basketter,et al.  Why judiciously timed anti-IL 6 therapy may be of benefit in severe COVID-19 infection , 2020, Autoimmunity Reviews.

[37]  M. Metra,et al.  Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy , 2020, Autoimmunity Reviews.

[38]  Junshan Ruan,et al.  Quadruple therapy for asymptomatic COVID-19 infection patients , 2020, Expert review of anti-infective therapy.

[39]  J. Gernsheimer,et al.  A Rapid Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Utilizing Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for COVID‐19 , 2020, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[40]  R. Gajardo,et al.  Currently available intravenous immunoglobulin contains antibodies reacting against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigens , 2020, Immunotherapy.

[41]  G. Poland.  Tortoises, hares, and vaccines: A cautionary note for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development , 2020, Vaccine.

[42]  Kwok-Hung Chan,et al.  Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir–ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial , 2020, The Lancet.

[43]  E. Shpall,et al.  A Phase 3 randomized study of Remestemcel-L versus placebo added to second line therapy in patients with steroid refractory acute graft versus host disease. , 2020, Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

[44]  Xiaohu Zheng,et al.  Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab , 2020, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[45]  S. Laufer,et al.  Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 , 2020, Pharmacological Research.

[46]  X. Tang,et al.  Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 , 2020, Nature Medicine.

[47]  P. Hotez,et al.  COVID-19 vaccine design: the Janus face of immune enhancement , 2020, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[48]  Slobodan Paessler,et al.  Antiviral activities of type I interferons to SARS-CoV-2 infection , 2020, Antiviral Research.

[49]  V. Raabe,et al.  Current studies of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 may underestimate risk of antibody-dependent enhancement , 2020, Journal of Clinical Virology.

[50]  V. Chong,et al.  Lipemic serum in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) undergoing treatment , 2020, Journal of Medical Virology.

[51]  V. Chong,et al.  Letter to the Editor: Lipemic serum in patients with COVID-19 undergoing treatment. , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[52]  D. Halpin,et al.  Inhaled corticosteroids and COVID-19: a systematic review and clinical perspective , 2020, European Respiratory Journal.

[53]  W. Park,et al.  Two distinct cases with COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients , 2020, American Journal of Transplantation.

[54]  Jared Radbel,et al.  Use of Tocilizumab for COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome , 2020, Chest.

[55]  E. Andreakos,et al.  COVID‐19: lambda interferon against viral load and hyperinflammation , 2020, EMBO molecular medicine.

[56]  M. Quiñones-Mateu,et al.  The case for New Zealand to have its own COVID-19 vaccine programme. , 2020, The New Zealand medical journal.

[57]  L. Berrino,et al.  Current pharmacological treatments for COVID‐19: What's next? , 2020, British journal of pharmacology.

[58]  T. Kishimoto,et al.  Translating IL-6 biology into effective treatments , 2020, Nature Reviews Rheumatology.

[59]  J. Roback,et al.  Convalescent Plasma: Therapeutic Hope or Hopeless Strategy in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic , 2020, Transfusion Medicine Reviews.

[60]  E. Nicastri,et al.  Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact , 2020, Journal of Infection.

[61]  S. Alzghari,et al.  Supportive Treatment with Tocilizumab for COVID-19: A Systematic Review , 2020, Journal of Clinical Virology.

[62]  T. Liang,et al.  Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study , 2020, BMJ.

[63]  Suh-Chin Wu.  Progress and Concept for COVID‐19 Vaccine Development , 2020, Biotechnology journal.

[64]  C. June,et al.  Harnessing CAR T-cell Insights to Develop Treatments for Hyperinflammatory Responses in Patients with COVID-19 , 2020, Cancer discovery.

[65]  N. Cimolai.  Defining protective epitopes for COVID‐19 vaccination models , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[66]  Z. Dai,et al.  Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, Journal of Clinical Virology.

[67]  L. Prokunina-Olsson,et al.  COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda , 2020, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[68]  Y. Zha,et al.  Successful treatment of plasma exchange followed by intravenous immunogloblin in a critically ill patient with 2019 novel coronavirus infection , 2020, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.

[69]  Y. Xu,et al.  [What we learned from SARS may provide important insights into understanding and management of coronavirus disease 2019]. , 2020, Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases.

[70]  Jing Shi,et al.  Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan , 2020, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[71]  Armen Yuri Gasparyan,et al.  Rheumatologists’ perspective on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and potential therapeutic targets , 2020, Clinical Rheumatology.

[72]  Leiliang Zhang,et al.  A potential inhibitory role for integrin in the receptor targeting of SARS-CoV-2 , 2020, Journal of Infection.

[73]  Zhen Zhu,et al.  Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19 , 2020, Journal of Infection.

[74]  Zhiguang Zhou,et al.  Can we use interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS)? , 2020, Journal of Autoimmunity.

[75]  Shirong Li,et al.  Corticosteroid treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) , 2020, The Medical journal of Australia.

[76]  Wayne T. Nicholson,et al.  Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. , 2020, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[77]  Yan Peng,et al.  Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients , 2020, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[78]  Y. Shoenfeld.  Corona (COVID-19) time musings: Our involvement in COVID-19 pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and vaccine planning , 2020, Autoimmunity Reviews.

[79]  D. Praveen,et al.  Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib is not an ideal option for management of COVID-19 , 2020, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.

[80]  P. Hsueh,et al.  Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges , 2020, Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.

[81]  Jon Cohen,et al.  Vaccine designers take first shots at COVID-19. , 2020, Science.

[82]  Xuhui Huang,et al.  Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro , 2020, Antiviral Research.

[83]  D. McGonagle,et al.  The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease , 2020, Autoimmunity Reviews.

[84]  C. Chakraborty,et al.  SARS-CoV-2 causing pneumonia-associated respiratory disorder (COVID-19): diagnostic and proposed therapeutic options. , 2020, European review for medical and pharmacological sciences.

[85]  De-Ming Yang,et al.  A Review of SARS-CoV-2 and the Ongoing Clinical Trials , 2020, International journal of molecular sciences.

[86]  Q. Zou,et al.  [Progress and challenge of vaccine development against 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. , 2020, Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine].

[87]  Zhenwei Yang,et al.  The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, Journal of Infection.

[88]  N. Lurie,et al.  Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed. , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[89]  C. Delaugerre,et al.  No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection , 2020, Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses.

[90]  Bonggun Shin,et al.  Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model , 2020, Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal.

[91]  Lei Liu,et al.  The correlation between viral clearance and biochemical outcomes of 94 COVID-19 infected discharged patients , 2020, Inflammation Research.

[92]  Jing Yuan,et al.  Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma. , 2020, JAMA.

[93]  Jon Cohen,et al.  Race to find COVID-19 treatments accelerates. , 2020, Science.

[94]  Yan Wang,et al.  Organ‐protective effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID‐19 , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[95]  Y. Ho,et al.  SARS-CoV-2: A Storm is Raging. , 2020, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[96]  Taojiao Wang,et al.  Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019. , 2020, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[97]  J. Tanne.  Covid-19: FDA approves use of convalescent plasma to treat critically ill patients , 2020, BMJ.

[98]  Dae-Gyun Ahn,et al.  Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) , 2020, Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.

[99]  D. Raoult,et al.  Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial , 2020, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.

[100]  Wu Zhong,et al.  Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study , 2020, Engineering.

[101]  Yuan Wei,et al.  A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19 , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[102]  Zhìhóng Hú,et al.  Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro , 2020, Cell Discovery.

[103]  Xin Zhou,et al.  Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China , 2020, The Journal of Emergency Medicine.

[104]  Z. Hong,et al.  Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study , 2020, Journal of Infection.

[105]  M. Martínez.  Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus , 2020, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[106]  Xu Liu,et al.  In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) , 2020, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[107]  C. Caruso,et al.  Transplantation of ACE2- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves the Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia , 2020, Aging and disease.

[108]  A. Walls,et al.  Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein , 2020, Cell.

[109]  J. Rolain,et al.  Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections , 2020, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.

[110]  G. Herrler,et al.  SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor , 2020, Cell.

[111]  J. Low,et al.  Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. , 2020, JAMA.

[112]  Ajay Prakash,et al.  Update on the target structures of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review , 2020, Indian journal of pharmacology.

[113]  X. F. Zheng,et al.  [Drug interaction monitoring of lopinavir / ritonavir in COVID-19 patients with cancer]. , 2020, Zhonghua nei ke za zhi.

[114]  K. Yuen,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[115]  Ivan Griffin,et al.  COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments , 2020, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

[116]  T. Palaga,et al.  Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. , 2020, Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology.

[117]  gui-qiang Wang,et al.  A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus—A possible reference for coronavirus disease‐19 treatment option , 2020, Journal of medical virology.

[118]  J Sidney,et al.  An effective CTL peptide vaccine for Ebola Zaire Based on Survivors’ CD8+ targeting of a particular nucleocapsid protein epitope with potential implications for COVID-19 vaccine design , 2020, bioRxiv.

[119]  B. Robson,et al.  Computers and viral diseases. Preliminary bioinformatics studies on the design of a synthetic vaccine and a preventative peptidomimetic antagonist against the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV, COVID-19) coronavirus , 2020, Computers in Biology and Medicine.

[120]  Joy Y. Feng,et al.  The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus , 2020, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[121]  B. Graham,et al.  Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation , 2020, Science.

[122]  S. Zhang,et al.  Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series , 2020, BMJ.

[123]  Jiyuan Zhang,et al.  Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome , 2020, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.

[124]  Nicola Robinson,et al.  Can Chinese Medicine Be Used for Prevention of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs , 2020, Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine.

[125]  Mubarak A. Alamri,et al.  Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants , 2020, Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis.

[126]  Jaegyun Lim,et al.  Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea: the Application of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT-PCR , 2020, Journal of Korean medical science.

[127]  C. Zheng,et al.  Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) , 2020 .

[128]  H. Feldmann,et al.  Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection , 2020, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[129]  C. Zheng,et al.  Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia , 2020, Radiology.

[130]  T. Dörner,et al.  Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology , 2020, Nature Reviews Rheumatology.

[131]  B. Cao,et al.  [Potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus]. , 2020, Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases.

[132]  Gengfu Xiao,et al.  Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro , 2020, Cell Research.

[133]  Kai Zhao,et al.  A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin , 2020, Nature.

[134]  F. Hayden,et al.  Critical care management of adults with community-acquired severe respiratory viral infection , 2020, Intensive Care Medicine.

[135]  A. Phelan,et al.  Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease , 2020, The Lancet.

[136]  J. Leonardi-Bee,et al.  Corticosteroids as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Influenza: An Updated Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. , 2020, Critical care medicine.

[137]  S. Lindstrom,et al.  First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[138]  T. Phan,et al.  Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics , 2020, Infection, Genetics and Evolution.

[139]  Hongzhou Lu,et al.  Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). , 2020, Bioscience trends.

[140]  J. Segalés,et al.  Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target. , 2020, F1000Research.

[141]  Y. Hu,et al.  Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China , 2020, The Lancet.

[142]  G. Gao,et al.  A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[143]  R. Baric,et al.  Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV , 2020, Nature Communications.

[144]  Pyoeng Gyun Choe,et al.  The First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: Implication for Infection Prevention and Control Measures , 2020, Journal of Korean medical science.

[145]  Shan Lu.  Timely development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 , 2020, Emerging microbes & infections.

[146]  D. Veesler,et al.  Structural insights into coronavirus entry , 2019, Advances in Virus Research.

[147]  P. Hart,et al.  A phase 1/2 trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of NI-03 in patients with chronic pancreatitis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial on the assessment of camostat treatment in chronic pancreatitis (TACTIC) , 2019, Trials.

[148]  Hanan H Balkhy,et al.  Ribavirin and Interferon Therapy for Critically Ill Patients With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: A Multicenter Observational Study , 2019, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[149]  R. Baric,et al.  Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase , 2019, Antiviral Research.

[150]  A. Walls,et al.  Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors , 2019, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.

[151]  Xin Di,et al.  Efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia , 2019, Medicine.

[152]  M. Diederich,et al.  Anticancer potential of naturally occurring immunoepigenetic modulators: A promising avenue? , 2019, Cancer.

[153]  M. Ward,et al.  EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults , 2019, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[154]  S. Vedi,et al.  Heterologous Immunity between Adenoviruses and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccine Vectors Containing Antigens from Unrelated Pathogens Induce Cross-Reactive Immunity Against HCV Antigens , 2019, Cells.

[155]  Joy Y. Feng,et al.  Mechanism of Inhibition of Ebola Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by Remdesivir , 2019, Viruses.

[156]  Daniel G Anderson,et al.  Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery. , 2019, Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

[157]  A. Golchin,et al.  Biological Products: Cellular Therapy and FDA Approved Products , 2019, Stem Cell Reviews and Reports.

[158]  C. Gordon,et al.  2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus , 2019, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[159]  P. Taylor.  Clinical efficacy of launched JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis , 2019, Rheumatology.

[160]  B. Bosch,et al.  Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9-O-acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor-binding site in spike protein domain A , 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[161]  K. Iwakiri,et al.  Camostat Mesilate, Pancrelipase, and Rabeprazole Combination Therapy Improves Epigastric Pain in Early Chronic Pancreatitis and Functional Dyspepsia with Pancreatic Enzyme Abnormalities , 2018, Digestion.

[162]  Dominika Hobernik,et al.  DNA Vaccines—How Far From Clinical Use? , 2018, International journal of molecular sciences.

[163]  Daniel Wrapp,et al.  Stabilized coronavirus spikes are resistant to conformational changes induced by receptor recognition or proteolysis , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[164]  Xinquan Wang,et al.  Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2 , 2018, PLoS pathogens.

[165]  Xiaotao Lu,et al.  Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease , 2018, mBio.

[166]  David J. Marchant,et al.  Recombinant RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Complex of Ebola Virus , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[167]  Paul C Jordan,et al.  Initiation, extension, and termination of RNA synthesis by a paramyxovirus polymerase , 2018, PLoS pathogens.

[168]  D. Weissman,et al.  mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology , 2018, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[169]  S. Kaveri,et al.  IVIG-mediated effector functions in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases , 2017, International immunology.

[170]  Yadollah Omidi,et al.  A novel in silico minigene vaccine based on CD4+ T-helper and B-cell epitopes of EG95 isolates for vaccination against cystic echinococcosis , 2017, Comput. Biol. Chem..

[171]  Rajaa Al-Raddadi,et al.  Corticosteroid Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome , 2017, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[172]  J. O’Shea,et al.  JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases , 2017, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[173]  Ning Wang,et al.  Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus , 2017, PLoS pathogens.

[174]  A. Walls,et al.  Glycan Shield and Fusion Activation of a Deltacoronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Fine-Tuned for Enteric Infections , 2017, Journal of Virology.

[175]  G. Cheng,et al.  Chloroquine, a FDA-approved Drug, Prevents Zika Virus Infection and its Associated Congenital Microcephaly in Mice , 2017, EBioMedicine.

[176]  R. Gottardo,et al.  Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial , 2017, The Lancet.

[177]  M. Tortorici,et al.  Identification of sialic acid-binding function for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein , 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[178]  Barney S. Graham,et al.  Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen , 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[179]  Kimberly J. Hassett,et al.  Efficient Targeting and Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells In Vivo after Modified mRNA Vaccine Administration in Rhesus Macaques , 2017, Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

[180]  J. Ulmer,et al.  Mechanism of action of mRNA-based vaccines , 2017, Expert review of vaccines.

[181]  Lisa E. Gralinski,et al.  Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses , 2017, Science Translational Medicine.

[182]  C. Schmaljohn,et al.  Advancements in DNA vaccine vectors, non-mechanical delivery methods, and molecular adjuvants to increase immunogenicity , 2017, Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics.

[183]  Teruhiko Yoshida,et al.  Recent advances in genetic modification of adenovirus vectors for cancer treatment , 2017, Cancer science.

[184]  Kimberly J. Hassett,et al.  Preclinical and Clinical Demonstration of Immunogenicity by mRNA Vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 Influenza Viruses , 2017, Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

[185]  J. Dye,et al.  Convalescent Plasma and the Dose of Ebola Virus Antibodies. , 2017, The New England journal of medicine.

[186]  A. Arvey,et al.  GS-5734 and its parent nucleoside analog inhibit Filo-, Pneumo-, and Paramyxoviruses , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[187]  Haixia Zhou,et al.  Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptor binding , 2016, Cell Research.

[188]  R. Webby,et al.  Replicating Single-Cycle Adenovirus Vectors Generate Amplified Influenza Vaccine Responses , 2016, Journal of Virology.

[189]  S. Perlman,et al.  Proteolytic processing of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spikes expands virus tropism , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[190]  J. Hapgood,et al.  Glucocorticoid-independent modulation of GR activity: Implications for immunotherapy. , 2016, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[191]  Toshio Tanaka,et al.  Immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm. , 2016, Immunotherapy.

[192]  D. Falzarano,et al.  SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses , 2016, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[193]  Robert T. Chen,et al.  Unique safety issues associated with virus-vectored vaccines: Potential for and theoretical consequences of recombination with wild type virus strains , 2016, Vaccine.

[194]  M. Shinoda,et al.  Acute eosinophilic pneumonia caused by camostat mesilate: The first case report , 2016, Respiratory medicine case reports.

[195]  Qifa Liu,et al.  The clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation , 2016, Journal of Hematology & Oncology.

[196]  S. Dutta,et al.  Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Hepatitis C Antiviral Agents Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir and HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[197]  R. Langer,et al.  mRNA vaccine delivery using lipid nanoparticles. , 2016, Therapeutic delivery.

[198]  J. Shendure,et al.  Complex Minigene Library Vaccination for Discovery of Pre-Erythrocytic Plasmodium T Cell Antigens , 2016, PloS one.

[199]  William A. Lee,et al.  Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys , 2016, Nature.

[200]  Barney S. Graham,et al.  Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein , 2016, Nature.

[201]  Alimuddin Zumla,et al.  Coronaviruses — drug discovery and therapeutic options , 2016, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[202]  F. Dimaio,et al.  Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer , 2016, Nature.

[203]  P. Daszak,et al.  Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus , 2015, Journal of Virology.

[204]  Lanjuan Li,et al.  Successful treatment of avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) infection using convalescent plasma. , 2015, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[205]  R. Baric,et al.  Prophylactic and postexposure efficacy of a potent human monoclonal antibody against MERS coronavirus , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[206]  Jian-Piao Cai,et al.  Treatment With Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Interferon-β1b Improves Outcome of MERS-CoV Infection in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Common Marmoset , 2015, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[207]  A. Bertoletti,et al.  Immunological aspects of antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections , 2015, Hepatology.

[208]  J. Lünemann,et al.  Intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology—mode of action and clinical efficacy , 2015, Nature Reviews Neurology.

[209]  Gary R. Whittaker,et al.  Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis , 2014, Virus Research.

[210]  L. Pelkmans,et al.  Coronavirus Cell Entry Occurs through the Endo-/Lysosomal Pathway in a Proteolysis-Dependent Manner , 2014, PLoS pathogens.

[211]  J. Reguera,et al.  A structural view of coronavirus–receptor interactions , 2014, Virus Research.

[212]  G. Whittaker,et al.  Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[213]  W. Lim,et al.  The Effectiveness of Convalescent Plasma and Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections of Viral Etiology: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-analysis , 2014, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[214]  Helena Canhão,et al.  FRI0298 The Impact of DMARD Co-Therapy on Abatacept Effectiveness in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. A Pan-European Analysis of RA Registries , 2014 .

[215]  T. Bestebroer,et al.  Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture , 2014, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[216]  Gennaro Ciliberto,et al.  A novel minigene scaffold for therapeutic cancer vaccines , 2014, Oncoimmunology.

[217]  S. Perlman,et al.  Inhibition of NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Mice Increases Survival , 2013, Journal of Virology.

[218]  J. Epstein,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor , 2013, Nature.

[219]  Désirée van der Heijde,et al.  EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update , 2013, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[220]  K. To,et al.  Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus , 2013, Journal of Infection.

[221]  M. Katze,et al.  Treatment with interferon-α2b and ribavirin improves outcome in MERS-CoV–infected rhesus macaques , 2013, Nature Medicine.

[222]  Yi Shi,et al.  Molecular basis of binding between novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV and its receptor CD26 , 2013, Nature.

[223]  T. Takano,et al.  Effect of chloroquine on feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo , 2013, Antiviral Research.

[224]  H. Feldmann,et al.  Inhibition of novel β coronavirus replication by a combination of interferon-α2b and ribavirin , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[225]  Marco Siccardi,et al.  Prediction of drug-drug Interactions Between Various Antidepressants and Efavirenz or Boosted Protease Inhibitors Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling Approach , 2013, Clinical Pharmacokinetics.

[226]  J. Cummins,et al.  Low‐dose oral interferon alpha as prophylaxis against viral respiratory illness: a double‐blind, parallel controlled trial during an influenza pandemic year , 2013, Influenza and other respiratory viruses.

[227]  Hongjun Yang,et al.  Pathway Pattern-based prediction of active drug components and gene targets from H1N1 influenza's treatment with maxingshigan-yinqiaosan formula. , 2013, Molecular bioSystems.

[228]  T. Schlake,et al.  Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies , 2012, RNA biology.

[229]  L. van der Hoek,et al.  Simultaneous Treatment of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells with Serine and Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Prevents Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Entry , 2012, Journal of Virology.

[230]  T. Gallagher,et al.  Ready, Set, Fuse! The Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence , 2012, Viruses.

[231]  A. Ray,et al.  Synthesis and antiviral activity of a series of 1′-substituted 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleosides , 2012, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.

[232]  V. Barnaba,et al.  IFN-α enhances cross-presentation in human dendritic cells by modulating antigen survival, endocytic routing, and processing. , 2012, Blood.

[233]  B. Cao,et al.  Oseltamivir Compared With the Chinese Traditional Therapy Maxingshigan–Yinqiaosan in the Treatment of H1N1 Influenza , 2011, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[234]  Zijian Feng,et al.  Early use of glucocorticoids was a risk factor for critical disease and death from pH1N1 infection. , 2011, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[235]  P. Mannon.  Remestemcel-L: human mesenchymal stem cells as an emerging therapy for Crohn's disease , 2011, Expert opinion on biological therapy.

[236]  Christian Drosten,et al.  Evidence that TMPRSS2 Activates the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Membrane Fusion and Reduces Viral Control by the Humoral Immune Response , 2011, Journal of Virology.

[237]  Kwok-Hung Chan,et al.  Convalescent Plasma Treatment Reduced Mortality in Patients With Severe Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection , 2011, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[238]  J. Rosenecker,et al.  Expression of therapeutic proteins after delivery of chemically modified mRNA in mice , 2011, Nature Biotechnology.

[239]  Herwig P. Moll,et al.  The differential activity of interferon-α subtypes is consistent among distinct target genes and cell types , 2011, Cytokine.

[240]  Jincun Zhao,et al.  A Transmembrane Serine Protease Is Linked to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor and Activates Virus Entry , 2010, Journal of Virology.

[241]  Makoto Takeda,et al.  Efficient Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein by the Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS2 , 2010, Journal of Virology.

[242]  John Wong,et al.  EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs , 2010, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[243]  Mohsin Khan,et al.  Assessment of in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against chikungunya virus in vero cells , 2010, Journal of medical virology.

[244]  Sumio Watanabe,et al.  Efficacy of camostat mesilate against dyspepsia associated with non-alcoholic mild pancreatic disease , 2010, Journal of Gastroenterology.

[245]  Xu Shao,et al.  Antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of total glucosides of Yupingfeng powder. , 2009, Chinese medical journal.

[246]  Shoshannah L. Roth,et al.  Characterization of a Highly Conserved Domain within the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein S2 Domain with Characteristics of a Viral Fusion Peptide , 2009, Journal of Virology.

[247]  G. Whittaker,et al.  Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[248]  J. O’Shea,et al.  Janus kinases in immune cell signaling , 2009, Immunological reviews.

[249]  Shibo Jiang,et al.  The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development , 2009, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[250]  Sarah E. Ewald,et al.  The ectodomain of Toll-like receptor 9 is cleaved to generate a functional receptor , 2008, Nature.

[251]  Zhongjie Li,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of 26 Human Cases of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in China , 2008, PLoS ONE.

[252]  S. Kaveri,et al.  Role of natural antibodies in immune homeostasis: IVIg perspective. , 2008, Autoimmunity reviews.

[253]  R. Xiang,et al.  A Legumain-based minigene vaccine targets the tumor stroma and suppresses breast cancer growth and angiogenesis , 2008, Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.

[254]  M. Otto,et al.  The Mechanism of Action of β-d-2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluoro-2′-C-Methylcytidine Involves a Second Metabolic Pathway Leading to β-d-2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluoro-2′-C-Methyluridine 5′-Triphosphate, a Potent Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[255]  Y. Guan,et al.  Treatment with convalescent plasma for influenza A (H5N1) infection. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[256]  R. Schreiber,et al.  Type I IFN Contributes to NK Cell Homeostasis, Activation, and Antitumor Function1 , 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

[257]  G. Kochs,et al.  Interferon-induced Mx proteins in antiviral host defense. , 2007, Biochimie.

[258]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics , 2007, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[259]  L. Kong,et al.  Successful treatment of avian influenza with convalescent plasma. , 2006, Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi.

[260]  Kenya Honda,et al.  Type I Interferon Gene Induction by the Interferon Regulatory Factor Family of Transcription Factors (DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.08.009) , 2006 .

[261]  D. Barnard,et al.  Evaluation of Immunomodulators, Interferons and Known in Vitro SARS-CoV Inhibitors for Inhibition of SARS-Cov Replication in BALB/c Mice , 2006, Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy.

[262]  Paul Garner,et al.  SARS: Systematic Review of Treatment Effects , 2006, PLoS medicine.

[263]  K. Honda,et al.  Type I Inteferon Gene Induction by the Interferon Regulatory Factor Family of Transcription Factors , 2006 .

[264]  P. Masters,et al.  The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses , 2006, Advances in Virus Research.

[265]  E. Ooi,et al.  In vitro inhibition of human influenza A virus replication by chloroquine , 2006, Virology Journal.

[266]  D. Tough,et al.  Direct Stimulation of T Cells by Type I IFN Enhances the CD8+ T Cell Response during Cross-Priming1 , 2006, The Journal of Immunology.

[267]  D. Tough,et al.  Cutting Edge: Enhancement of Antibody Responses Through Direct Stimulation of B and T Cells by Type I IFN1 , 2006, The Journal of Immunology.

[268]  Roberto Cauda,et al.  New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine , 2006, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

[269]  C. Cameron,et al.  Mechanisms of action of ribavirin against distinct viruses , 2005, Reviews in medical virology.

[270]  Jonathan H. Epstein,et al.  Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses , 2005, Science.

[271]  S. Harrison,et al.  Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor , 2005, Science.

[272]  Y. Guan,et al.  Molecular Evolution Analysis and Geographic Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Like Virus in Palm Civets at an Animal Market and on Farms , 2005, Journal of Virology.

[273]  F. He,et al.  Cationic lipids enhance siRNA-mediated interferon response in mice. , 2005, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[274]  R. de Groot,et al.  Increased Dose of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Compensates for Efavirenz-Induced Drug-Drug Interaction in HIV-1-Infected Children , 2005, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[275]  J. Sidney,et al.  A CD8+ T Cell Heptaepitope Minigene Vaccine Induces Protective Immunity against Chlamydia pneumoniae1 , 2005, The Journal of Immunology.

[276]  C. Lam,et al.  The use of an herbal formula by hospital care workers during the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Hong Kong to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission, relieve influenza-related symptoms, and improve quality of life: a prospective cohort study. , 2005, Journal of alternative and complementary medicine.

[277]  R. Perng,et al.  Clinical Features and Outcomes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Predictive Factors for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome , 2005, Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.

[278]  Jindrich Cinatl,et al.  Ribavirin and interferon-β synergistically inhibit SARS-associated coronavirus replication in animal and human cell lines , 2004, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.

[279]  M. Chan-yeung,et al.  Pentaglobin in steroid-resistant severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2004, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[280]  J. Metzger,et al.  Toll‐like receptor 9 binds single‐stranded CpG‐DNA in a sequence‐ and pH‐dependent manner , 2004, European journal of immunology.

[281]  Marc Van Ranst,et al.  In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine , 2004, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.

[282]  B. Murphy,et al.  An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus , 2004, Nature Medicine.

[283]  J. Sung,et al.  Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high‐dose methylprednisolone treatment in SARS patients , 2004, Clinical Microbiology and Infection.

[284]  J. Becker,et al.  A novel transgenic mouse model for immunological evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen-based DNA minigene vaccines. , 2004, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[285]  H. Doerr,et al.  Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome , 2004, Expert opinion on biological therapy.

[286]  V. Wong,et al.  Severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of treatment and outcome after a major outbreak , 2004, Thorax.

[287]  Gary J. Nabel,et al.  A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice , 2004, Nature.

[288]  B. Lim,et al.  Inhibition of SARS Coronavirus Infection In Vitro with Clinically Approved Antiviral Drugs , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[289]  J. Sung,et al.  Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome , 2004, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[290]  Y. Guan,et al.  Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings , 2004, Thorax.

[291]  J. Dennis,et al.  Interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a preliminary study. , 2003, JAMA.

[292]  Elizabeth J Phillips,et al.  Common Adverse Events Associated with the Use of Ribavirin for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Canada , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[293]  X. L. Liu,et al.  Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China , 2003, Science.

[294]  B. Bosch,et al.  The Coronavirus Spike Protein Is a Class I Virus Fusion Protein: Structural and Functional Characterization of the Fusion Core Complex , 2003, Journal of Virology.

[295]  H. Simon,et al.  IVIG – mechanisms of action , 2003, Allergy.

[296]  Elizabeth Rea,et al.  Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. , 2003, JAMA.

[297]  B. Williams,et al.  Apoptosis and interferons: Role of interferon-stimulated genes as mediators of apoptosis , 2003, Apoptosis.

[298]  G. Barber,et al.  The dsRNA binding protein family: critical roles, diverse cellular functions , 2003, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[299]  Peter Cameron,et al.  A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[300]  Christine A. Biron,et al.  Coordinated and Distinct Roles for IFN-αβ, IL-12, and IL-15 Regulation of NK Cell Responses to Viral Infection1 , 2002, The Journal of Immunology.

[301]  J. Casey,et al.  Increased RNA Editing and Inhibition of Hepatitis Delta Virus Replication by High-Level Expression of ADAR1 and ADAR2 , 2002, Journal of Virology.

[302]  E. Gilboa,et al.  Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors. , 2002, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[303]  C. Samuel,et al.  Antiviral Actions of Interferons , 2001, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[304]  B. Coombes,et al.  Dendritic cell discoveries provide new insight into the cellular immunobiology of DNA vaccines. , 2001, Immunology letters.

[305]  S. Goodbourn,et al.  Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures. , 2000, The Journal of general virology.

[306]  P. Roberts,et al.  Essential role for the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR in innate immunity to viral infection. , 2000, Immunity.

[307]  A. Kwong,et al.  Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of the IMP Dehydrogenase Inhibitor VX-497: a Comparison with Ribavirin and Demonstration of Antiviral Additivity with Alpha Interferon , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[308]  P. McNamara,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and Absolute Bioavailability of Ribavirin in Healthy Volunteers as Determined by Stable-Isotope Methodology , 1999, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[309]  H. Atkins,et al.  Characterization of Transgenic Mice with Targeted Disruption of the Catalytic Domain of the Double-stranded RNA-dependent Protein Kinase, PKR* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[310]  O. Weiland,et al.  The antiviral compound ribavirin modulates the T helper (Th) 1/Th2 subset balance in hepatitis B and C virus-specific immune responses. , 1998, The Journal of general virology.

[311]  H. Vennema,et al.  The Viral Spike Protein Is Not Involved in the Polarized Sorting of Coronaviruses in Epithelial Cells , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[312]  R. Chow,et al.  Comparison of hydroxychloroquine with zidovudine in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. , 1997, Clinical therapeutics.

[313]  HL Davis,et al.  Immune-mediated destruction of transfected muscle fibers after direct gene transfer with antigen-expressing plasmid DNA , 1997, Gene Therapy.

[314]  Y. Liaw,et al.  Detection of type 2‐like T‐helper cells in hepatitis C virus infection: Implications for hepatitis C virus chronicity , 1997, Hepatology.

[315]  T. Mosmann,et al.  The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. , 1996, Immunology today.

[316]  C. Samuel,et al.  Mechanism of interferon action: double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase from human cells is inducible by alpha and gamma interferons. , 1995, Virology.

[317]  L. Mayer,et al.  Hydroxychloroquine treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. , 1995, Clinical therapeutics.

[318]  H. Winer-Muram,et al.  Corticosteroid rescue treatment of progressive fibroproliferation in late ARDS. Patterns of response and predictors of outcome. , 1994, Chest.

[319]  P. Rottier,et al.  Characterization of the budding compartment of mouse hepatitis virus: evidence that transport from the RER to the Golgi complex requires only one vesicular transport step , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.

[320]  G. Stark,et al.  The protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 complements defects in interferon-α/β and -γ signal transduction , 1993, Nature.

[321]  L. Mayer,et al.  Selective regulation of cytokine secretion by hydroxychloroquine: inhibition of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1-alpha) and IL-6 in human monocytes and T cells. , 1993, The Journal of rheumatology.

[322]  K. Cantell,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of inhaled recombinant and natural alpha interferon , 1991, The Lancet.

[323]  D. Brian,et al.  Minus-strand copies of replicating coronavirus mRNAs contain antileaders , 1991, Journal of virology.

[324]  P. A. Peterson,et al.  Intracellular transport of class II MHC molecules directed by invariant chain , 1990, Nature.

[325]  T. Muramatsu,et al.  Protease inhibitor therapy for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. In vitro effect and clinical trial with camostat mesylate. , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[326]  P. Palese,et al.  Human and bovine coronaviruses recognize sialic acid-containing receptors similar to those of influenza C viruses. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[327]  O. Haller,et al.  Influenza virus resistance of wild mice: wild-type and mutant Mx alleles occur at comparable frequencies. , 1987, Journal of interferon research.

[328]  T. Strasser,et al.  Aldosterone-receptor deficiency in pseudohypoaldosteronism. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[329]  R. Baric,et al.  Recombination between nonsegmented RNA genomes of murine coronaviruses , 1985, Journal of virology.

[330]  J. Tooze,et al.  Replication of coronavirus MHV-A59 in sac- cells: determination of the first site of budding of progeny virions. , 1984, European journal of cell biology.

[331]  B Poole,et al.  Fluorescence probe measurement of the intralysosomal pH in living cells and the perturbation of pH by various agents. , 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[332]  W. Müller,et al.  Virazole (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide; A cytostatic agent , 1977 .

[333]  N. Ishida,et al.  An evaluation of a new antiviral agent "virazole" against influenza virus infections. , 1973, The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[334]  R. K. Robins,et al.  In Vitro Effect of 1-β-d-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Carboxamide (Virazole, ICN 1229) on Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid Viruses , 1973, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[335]  T. Wakley,et al.  BOROUGH OF FINSBURY. RESIGNATION OF MR. WAKLEY, M.P. , 1852 .

[336]  A. Khojasteh,et al.  The Clinical Trials of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Skin Diseases: An Update and Concise Review. , 2019, Current stem cell research & therapy.

[337]  Massimo Gadina,et al.  Type I/II cytokines, JAKs, and new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases , 2016, Nature Reviews Rheumatology.

[338]  K. Goa,et al.  Lopinavir/Ritonavir , 2012, Drugs.

[339]  M. Otto,et al.  The mechanism of action of beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine involves a second metabolic pathway leading to beta-D-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyluridine 5'-triphosphate, a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. , 2008, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[340]  P. Beatty,et al.  Pre-emptive use of aerosolized ribavirin in the treatment of asymptomatic pediatric marrow transplant patients testing positive for RSV , 1999, Bone Marrow Transplantation.

[341]  B. Dijkmans,et al.  Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine equally affect tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. , 1997, The Journal of rheumatology.

[342]  S. Giosué,et al.  Minimal dose of aerosolized interferon-alpha in human subjects: biological consequences and side-effects. , 1996, The European respiratory journal.

[343]  C. Schindler,et al.  The protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 complements defects in interferon-alpha/beta and -gamma signal transduction. , 1993, Nature.

[344]  P. Staeheli.  Interferon-induced proteins and the antiviral state. , 1990, Advances in virus research.

[345]  J. Connor,et al.  The metabolism of ribavirin in erythrocytes and nucleated cells. , 1990, The International journal of biochemistry.

[346]  R. Coffman,et al.  TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. , 1989, Annual review of immunology.

[347]  J. Fleming,et al.  RNA recombination of coronavirus. , 1987, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[348]  E. Unanue,et al.  Decrease in macrophage antigen catabolism caused by ammonia and chloroquine is associated with inhibition of antigen presentation to T cells. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[349]  W. Müller,et al.  Virazole (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide; a cytostatic agent. , 1977, Biochemical pharmacology.