Canadian Urological Association guideline: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

On average, an estimated 9000 incident cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed in Canada annually.1 Of these, approximately 25% will be muscle-invasive at presentation. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) possesses an aggressive biology that portends metastatic disease. Overall, the five-year mortality of patients diagnosed with localized MIBC is approximately 40–50%.2,3 In the setting of metastatic disease, long-term survival is rare. To help streamline treatment and optimize care, the Canadian Urological Association (CUA) commissioned the creation of a national guideline on MIBC.

[1]  C. Lau,et al.  Early and late complications of robot-assisted radical cystectomy: a standardized analysis by urinary diversion type. , 2014, Journal of Urology.

[2]  J. Cheville,et al.  Evaluation of current surveillance guidelines following radical cystectomy and proposal of a novel risk-based approach. , 2015, Urologic oncology.

[3]  M. Milowsky,et al.  Potential impact of postoperative early complications on the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a high-volume tertiary cancer center experience. , 2009, European urology.

[4]  P. Russo,et al.  A role for neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder , 2008, Cancer.

[5]  A. Laupacis,et al.  Higher surgeon and hospital volume improves long‐term survival after radical cystectomy , 2013, Cancer.

[6]  Andrew C. James,et al.  Role of maximal endoscopic resection before cystectomy for invasive urothelial bladder cancer. , 2014, Clinical genitourinary cancer.

[7]  Yair Lotan,et al.  Treatment of Non‐Metastatic Muscle‐Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/ASCO/ASTRO/SUO Guideline , 2017, The Journal of urology.

[8]  W. Kassouf,et al.  First- and second-line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. , 2011, Current oncology.

[9]  W. Mackillop,et al.  Perioperative chemotherapy for bladder cancer in the general population: Are practice patterns finally changing? , 2017, Urologic oncology.

[10]  J. Thüroff,et al.  Cancer‐specific survival after radical cystectomy and standardized extended lymphadenectomy for node‐positive bladder cancer: prediction by lymph node positivity and density , 2009, BJU international.

[11]  A. Kibel.  International Phase III Trial Assessing Neoadjuvant Cisplatin, Methotrexate, and Vinblastine Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Long-Term Results of the BA06 30894 Trial , 2011 .

[12]  S. Hotte,et al.  Thromboembolic events in patients with urothelial carcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy. , 2014, Urologic oncology.

[13]  F. Burkhard,et al.  Induction chemotherapy for unresectable urothelial carcinoma of the bladder , 2011, BJU international.

[14]  A. Laupacis,et al.  Longer wait times increase overall mortality in patients with bladder cancer. , 2009, The Journal of urology.

[15]  Sam S. Chang,et al.  Enhanced Recovery Pathways Versus Standard Care After Cystectomy: A Meta-analysis of the Effect on Perioperative Outcomes. , 2016, European urology.

[16]  W. Takken,et al.  A multidisciplinary approach. , 2006, Behavioral healthcare.

[17]  G. Rücker,et al.  Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer. , 2017, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[18]  B. Konety,et al.  The significance of lymphovascular invasion in transurethral resection of bladder tumour and cystectomy specimens on the survival of patients with urothelial bladder cancer , 2009, BJU international.

[19]  J. Cheville,et al.  Prognostic significance of lymphatic, vascular and perineural invasion for bladder cancer patients treated by radical cystectomy. , 2017, Pathology.

[20]  J. Vonk,et al.  Long-term exposure to circulating platinum is associated with late effects of treatment in testicular cancer survivors , 2015, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[21]  F. Montorsi,et al.  Pure but Not Mixed Histologic Variants Are Associated With Poor Survival at Radical Cystectomy in Bladder Cancer Patients , 2017, Clinical genitourinary cancer.

[22]  F. Saad,et al.  Differential effect on survival of pelvic lymph node dissection at radical cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. , 2015, European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.

[23]  Nicholas D James,et al.  Critical analysis of bladder sparing with trimodal therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. , 2014, European urology.

[24]  V. I. Dronov,et al.  [Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer]. , 2003, Voenno-meditsinskii zhurnal.

[25]  J. Donovan,et al.  Clinical and patient‐reported outcomes of SPARE – a randomised feasibility study of selective bladder preservation versus radical cystectomy , 2017, BJU international.

[26]  S. Parikh,et al.  Outcome of patients with clinically node-positive bladder cancer undergoing consolidative surgery after preoperative chemotherapy: The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Experience , 2014 .

[27]  K. Steven,et al.  Radical cystectomy and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy: survival of patients with lymph node metastasis above the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels treated with surgery only. , 2007, The Journal of urology.

[28]  A. Zietman,et al.  Bladder Preservation With Twice-a-Day Radiation Plus Fluorouracil/Cisplatin or Once Daily Radiation Plus Gemcitabine for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: NRG/RTOG 0712-A Randomized Phase II Trial. , 2019, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[29]  M. Kris,et al.  Overall Survival Results of a Trial Assessing Patient-Reported Outcomes for Symptom Monitoring During Routine Cancer Treatment , 2017, JAMA.

[30]  J. Wright,et al.  The association between extent of lymphadenectomy and survival among patients with lymph node metastases undergoing radical cystectomy , 2008, Cancer.

[31]  H. Grossman,et al.  Commentary on A role for neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: A retrospective experience , 2009 .

[32]  F. Saad,et al.  Surveillance guidelines based on recurrence patterns after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: the Canadian Bladder Cancer Network experience , 2012, BJU international.

[33]  F. Montorsi,et al.  The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on perioperative outcomes in patients who have bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy: a population-based study. , 2014, European urology.

[34]  L. Collette,et al.  Immediate versus deferred chemotherapy after radical cystectomy in patients with pT3-pT4 or N+ M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (EORTC 30994): an intergroup, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. , 2015, The Lancet. Oncology.

[35]  P. Black,et al.  Radical Cystectomy and the Multidisciplinary Management of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. , 2016, JAMA oncology.

[36]  A. Vickers,et al.  Impact of renal impairment on eligibility for adjuvant cisplatin‐based chemotherapy in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder , 2006, Cancer.

[37]  R. Millikan,et al.  Refining patient selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical cystectomy. , 2014, The Journal of urology.

[38]  W. Kassouf,et al.  Management of patients with advanced bladder cancer following major response to systemic chemotherapy , 2009, Expert review of anticancer therapy.

[39]  P. Albers,et al.  Extended Versus Limited Lymph Node Dissection in Bladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy: Survival Results from a Prospective, Randomized Trial. , 2019, European urology.

[40]  P. Warde,et al.  The initiation of a multidisciplinary bladder cancer clinic and the uptake of neoadjuvant chemotherapy: A time-series analysis. , 2016, Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada.

[41]  Andrew H. Beck,et al.  Interobserver Reproducibility in the Diagnosis of Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract Among Urologic Pathologists , 2010, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[42]  E. Compérat,et al.  Updated 2016 EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer. , 2017, European urology.

[43]  J. Gore,et al.  Downstream complications following urinary diversion. , 2013, The Journal of urology.

[44]  Y. Lotan,et al.  Effect of tumor location on survival in urinary bladder adenocarcinoma: A population-based analysis. , 2016, Urologic oncology.

[45]  J. Mathew,et al.  Current therapeutic strategies for invasive and metastatic bladder cancer , 2011, OncoTargets and therapy.

[46]  Swar H. Shah,et al.  Ureteroenteric Strictures After Open Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion: The University of Southern California Experience. , 2015, Urology.

[47]  W. Kassouf,et al.  Postoperative mortality and complications after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in Quebec: A population-based analysis during the years 2000-2009. , 2014, Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada.

[48]  N. Shinohara,et al.  Role of surgical consolidation in metastatic urothelial carcinoma , 2016, Current opinion in urology.

[49]  Byron C. Jaeger,et al.  Impact of bladder cancer on health‐related quality of life , 2018, BJU international.

[50]  Emma Hall,et al.  Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[51]  A. Goenka,et al.  Quality of Life Outcomes for Bladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Bladder Preservation with Radiotherapy , 2015, Current Urology Reports.

[52]  A. Zlotta,et al.  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to fit patients with newly diagnosed, potentially resectable muscle-invasive urothelial cancer of the bladder (MIBC): A 2013 CAGMO Consensus Statement and Call for a Streamlined Referral Process. , 2013, Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada.

[53]  John L Adams,et al.  Use of radical cystectomy for patients with invasive bladder cancer. , 2010, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[54]  M. Milowsky,et al.  Guideline on Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer (European Association of Urology Guideline): American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Endorsement. , 2016, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[55]  Ilene G. Ladd,et al.  Defining Priorities to Improve Patient Experience in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer , 2018, Bladder cancer.

[56]  M. Gleave,et al.  Balancing risk and benefit of extended pelvic lymph node dissection in patients undergoing radical cystectomy , 2015, World Journal of Urology.

[57]  E. Galligioni,et al.  Trimodality treatment in the conservative management of infiltrating bladder cancer: a critical review of the literature. , 2013, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology.

[58]  F. Montorsi,et al.  The presence of carcinoma in situ at radical cystectomy increases the risk of urothelial recurrence: Implications for follow-up schemes. , 2017, Urologic oncology.

[59]  M. Schoenberg,et al.  Extent of pelvic lymph node dissection during radical cystectomy: is bigger better? , 2014, Reviews in urology.

[60]  Nicholas J Vogelzang,et al.  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[61]  T. H. van der Kwast,et al.  Propensity Score Analysis of Radical Cystectomy Versus Bladder-Sparing Trimodal Therapy in the Setting of a Multidisciplinary Bladder Cancer Clinic. , 2017, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[62]  David C. Smith,et al.  Efficient delivery of radical cystectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer , 2012, Cancer.

[63]  Steven L. Chang,et al.  Adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a 2013 updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. , 2014, European urology.

[64]  P. Black,et al.  Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols: Time to change practice? , 2011, Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada.

[65]  Jianquan Hou,et al.  The prognostic value of histological subtype in patients with metastatic bladder cancer , 2017, Oncotarget.

[66]  A. Niemierko,et al.  Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience. , 2012, European urology.

[67]  C. Vale.  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2003, The Lancet.

[68]  E. Wallen,et al.  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer does not increase risk of perioperative morbidity , 2014, BJU international.