PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article Expanding the Topography of Social Anxiety An Experience-Sampling Assessment of Positive Emotions, Positive Events, and Emotion Suppression

The relation between social anxiety and hedonic activity remains poorly understood. From a self-regulatory perspective, we hypothesized that socially anxious individuals experience diminished positive experiences and events on days when they are unable to manage socially anxious feelings adequately. In this 21-day experience-sampling study, we constructed daily measures of social anxiety and emotion regulation. Greater dispositional social anxiety was associated with less positive affect and fewer positive events in everyday life. Among individuals defined as socially anxious from their scores on a global self-report measure of social anxiety, the number of positive events was lowest on days when they both were more socially anxious and tended to suppress emotions and highest on days when they were less socially anxious and more accepting of emotional experiences. Irrespective of dispositional social anxiety, participants reported the most intense positive emotions on the days when they were both least socially anxious and most accepting of emotional experiences. Possible clinical implications are discussed.

[1]  R. Rapee,et al.  More information from fewer questions: the factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale. , 2004, Psychological assessment.

[2]  P. Gilbert Evolution and social anxiety. The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. , 2001, The Psychiatric clinics of North America.

[3]  T. Trull,et al.  Diagnosis and clinical assessment. , 1991, Annual review of psychology.

[4]  O. John,et al.  Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[5]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle? , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[6]  D. Watson,et al.  Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. , 1988, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[7]  S. Hayes,et al.  Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change , 1999 .

[8]  D. Stein,et al.  Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. , 2001, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[9]  T. Kashdan,et al.  Social Anxiety's Impact on Affect, Curiosity, and Social Self-Efficacy During a High Self-Focus Social Threat Situation , 2004, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[10]  H. Westenberg,et al.  Consensus statement on social anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. , 1998, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[11]  J. Hokanson,et al.  A comparison of self-esteem lability and low trait self-esteem as vulnerability factors for depression. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[12]  Larry E. Toothaker,et al.  Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions , 1991 .

[13]  P. Killeen,et al.  An Alternative to Null-Hypothesis Significance Tests , 2005, Psychological science.

[14]  T. Kashdan,et al.  Social Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress in Combat Veterans: Relations to Well-being and Character Strengths , 1941 .

[15]  J. Gill Hierarchical Linear Models , 2005 .

[16]  T. Kashdan Social Anxiety Dimensions, Neuroticism, and the Contours of Positive Psychological Functioning , 2002, Cognitive Therapy and Research.

[17]  R. Heimberg,et al.  Validation of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale across the Anxiety Disorders Although There Are Several Self-report Measures of Social Anxi , 2022 .

[18]  A. Wells,et al.  Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[19]  G. Eifert,et al.  Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Practitioner's Treatment Guide to Using Mindfulness, Acceptance, and Values-Based Behavior Change Strategies , 2005 .

[20]  Kennon M. Sheldon,et al.  Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness , 2000 .

[21]  J. Russell,et al.  Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. , 1998 .

[22]  Burton H. Singer,et al.  Interpersonal Flourishing: A Positive Health Agenda for the New Millennium , 2000 .

[23]  Charles S. Carver,et al.  Action, Emotion, and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration , 2000 .

[24]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Intimacy as an interpersonal process: the importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[25]  R. Mattick,et al.  Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. , 1998, Behaviour research and therapy.

[26]  J. Nezlek Day-to-day relationships between self-awareness, daily events, and anxiety. , 2002, Journal of personality.

[27]  T. Brown,et al.  Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. , 1998, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[28]  Yuk Fai Cheong,et al.  HLM 6: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling , 2000 .

[29]  J. Gross The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review , 1998 .

[30]  D. Watson,et al.  Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. , 1991, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[31]  Anthony S. Bryk,et al.  Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods , 1992 .

[32]  Richard J. Davidson,et al.  Asymmetric brain function, affective style, and psychopathology: The role of early experience and plasticity , 1994, Development and Psychopathology.

[33]  R. Rapee,et al.  The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. , 2004, Clinical psychology review.

[34]  J. Davidson,et al.  The boundary of social phobia. Exploring the threshold. , 1994, Archives of general psychiatry.

[35]  R. Heimberg Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: current status and future directions , 2002, Biological Psychiatry.

[36]  J. Rampal Applications and data analysis , 2007 .

[37]  T. Kashdan The neglected relationship between social interaction anxiety and hedonic deficits: differentiation from depressive symptoms. , 2004, Journal of anxiety disorders.

[38]  B. Fredrickson What Good Are Positive Emotions? , 1998, Review of general psychology : journal of Division 1, of the American Psychological Association.

[39]  E. Rosenberg,et al.  Overview to Special Issue: Understanding Emotions Means Crossing Boundaries within Psychology , 1998 .

[40]  D. Watson,et al.  Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[41]  S. T. Wallace,et al.  Social phobia and social appraisal in successful and unsuccessful social interactions. , 1995, Behaviour research and therapy.

[42]  D. Watson,et al.  Mood and the mundane: relations between daily life events and self-reported mood. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.