An improved approximation for stress constraints in plate structures

An improved approximation for stresses (and strains) in plate structures is presented. This approximation is highly accurate because it is based on approximations of the element forces, which are more invariant than the element stresses and strains, and because it captures the nonlinearity in the stress recovery calculations. Both sizing and shape design problems are used as examples to show the increased accuracy and robustness of this approximation function.

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