Rain/No-Rain Classification Using Passive Microwave Radiometers

[1]  C S Peirce,et al.  The numerical measure of the success of predictions. , 1884, Science.

[2]  G. Mie.  Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen , 1908 .

[3]  P. Heidke,et al.  Berechnung Des Erfolges Und Der Güte Der Windstärkevorhersagen Im Sturmwarnungsdienst , 1926 .

[4]  K. Gunn,et al.  The microwave properties of precipitation particles , 1954 .

[5]  D. H. Staelin,et al.  Passive remote sensing at microwave wavelengths , 1969 .

[6]  K. S. Shifrin.  Transfer of Microwave Radiation in the Atmosphere , 1970 .

[7]  G. Backus,et al.  Uniqueness in the inversion of inaccurate gross Earth data , 1970, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[8]  A. W. England,et al.  Relative influence upon microwave emissivity of fine-scale stratigraphy, internal scattering, and dielectric properties , 1976 .

[9]  J. W. Waters,et al.  2.3. Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases , 1976 .

[10]  J. Weinman,et al.  Determination of Rainfall Distributions from Microwave Radiation Measured by the Nimbus 6 ESMR , 1977 .

[11]  S. Kidder,et al.  Seasonal oceanic precipitation frequencies from Nimbus 5 microwave data , 1977 .

[12]  J. Kong,et al.  Theory for passive microwave remote sensing of near‐surface soil moisture , 1977 .

[13]  H. C. van de Hulst,et al.  Light scattering in planetary atmospheres: V.V. Sobolev. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y., 1975.256 pp. $25.00. , 1977 .

[14]  C. Swift,et al.  An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies , 1977, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[15]  Thomas T. Wilheit,et al.  A satellite technique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans , 1977 .

[16]  R. C. Savage,et al.  The Radiative Properties of Hydrometeors at Microwave Frequencies. , 1978 .

[17]  T. T. Wilheit,et al.  A review of applications of microwave radiometry to oceanography , 1978 .

[18]  W. J. Burke,et al.  Comparison of 2.8‐ and 21‐cm microwave radiometer observations over soils with emission model calculations , 1979 .

[19]  S. Lovejoy,et al.  The estimation of rain from satellite‐borne microwave radiometers , 1980 .

[20]  Fawwaz T. Ulaby,et al.  Microwave response of snow , 1981 .

[21]  T. Wilheit,et al.  Microwave Radiometric Observations Near 19.35, 92 and 183 GHz of Precipitation in Tropical Storm Cora , 1982 .

[22]  E.G. Njoku,et al.  Passive microwave remote sensing of the earth from space—A review , 1982, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[23]  W. Olson,et al.  Heavy Thunderstorms Observed Over Land by the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer. , 1983 .

[24]  K. Liou,et al.  Polarized microwave radiation transfer in precipitating cloudy atmospheres: Applications to window frequencies , 1983 .

[25]  F. J. Wentz,et al.  A model function for ocean microwave brightness temperatures , 1983 .

[26]  J. Weinman,et al.  Microwave radiances from precipitating clouds containing aspherical ice, combined phase, and liquid hydrometeors , 1984 .

[27]  R. Adler,et al.  A cloud model-radiative model combination for determining microwave TB-rain rate relations , 1986 .

[28]  R. Spencer.  A Satellite Passive 37-GHz Scattering-based Method for Measuring Oceanic Rain Rates. , 1986 .

[29]  Thomas T. Wilheit,et al.  Some comments on passive microwave measurement of rain , 1986 .

[30]  R. Ferraro,et al.  Classification of Geophysical Parameters Using Passive Microwave Satellite Measurements , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[31]  W. Wiscombe,et al.  Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles. I: cross sections, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and backscattered fraction. , 1986, Applied optics.

[32]  C. Kidd,et al.  A new instrument with rainfall monitoring potential , 1988 .

[33]  Christian D. Kummerow,et al.  Determining microwave brightness temperatures from precipitating horizontally finite and vertically structured clouds , 1988 .

[34]  Eric A. Smith,et al.  Radiative Transfer to Space through a Precipitating Cloud at Multiple Microwave Frequencies. Part I: Model Description , 1988 .

[35]  H. Michael Goodman,et al.  Precipitation retrieval over land and ocean with the SSM/I - Identification and characteristics of the scattering signal , 1989 .

[36]  David A. Short,et al.  Rain estimation from satellites: Effect of finite field of view , 1990 .

[37]  C. Kidd,et al.  The use of passive microwave imagery in rainfall monitoring , 1990 .

[38]  David A. Short,et al.  The beam filling error in the Nimbus 5 electronically scanning microwave radiometer observations of Global Atlantic Tropical Experiment rainfall , 1990 .

[39]  C. Doswell,et al.  On Summary Measures of Skill in Rare Event Forecasting Based on Contingency Tables , 1990 .

[40]  N. Grody.  Classification of snow cover and precipitation using the special sensor microwave imager , 1991 .

[41]  Gerald M. Heymsfield,et al.  Microphysical and radiative characteristics of convective clouds during COHMEX , 1991 .

[42]  Alfred T. C. Chang,et al.  Retrieval of Monthly Rainfall Indices from Microwave Radiometric Measurements Using Probability Distribution Functions , 1991 .

[43]  Robert F. Adler,et al.  Microwave simulations of a tropical rainfall system with a three-dimensional cloud model , 1991 .

[44]  Eric A. Smith,et al.  Foundations for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. II: Emission-source and generalized weighting-function properties of a time-dependent cloud-radiation model , 1993 .

[45]  P. Bauer,et al.  Raunfall, Total Water, Ice Water and Water Vapour over Sea from Polarized Microwave Simulations and SSM/I Data , 1993 .

[46]  Robert F. Adler,et al.  Estimation of Monthly Rainfall over Japan and Surrounding Waters from a Combination of Low-Orbit Microwave and Geosynchronous IR Data , 1993 .

[47]  Peter Bauer,et al.  Rainfall, total water, ice water, and water vapor over sea from polarized microwave simulations and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data , 1993 .

[48]  G. Huffman,et al.  Global tropical rain estimates from microwave‐adjusted geosynchronous IR data , 1994 .

[49]  Grant W. Petty,et al.  Physical retrievals of over-ocean rain rate from multichannel microwave imagery. Part I: Theoretical characteristics of normalized polarization and scattering indices , 1994 .

[50]  Clemens Simmer,et al.  Remote sensing of cloud liquid water , 1994 .

[51]  Christian D. Kummerow,et al.  A Passive Microwave Technique for Estimating Rainfall and Vertical Structure Information from Space. Part I: Algorithm Description , 1994 .

[52]  Norman C. Grody,et al.  Effects of surface conditions on rain identification using the DMSP‐SSM/I , 1994 .

[53]  P. Courtier,et al.  A strategy for operational implementation of 4D‐Var, using an incremental approach , 1994 .

[54]  Eric A. Smith,et al.  Active and passive remote sensing of precipitating storms during CaPE. Part II: Intercomparison of precipitation retrievals over land from AMPR radiometer and CP-2 radar , 1994 .

[55]  K. Katsaros,et al.  Using coincident multispectral satellite data to assess the accuracy of special sensor microwave imager liquid water path measurements , 1995 .

[56]  Graeme L. Stephens,et al.  A Bayesian approach to microwave precipitation profile retrieval , 1995 .

[57]  Ralph Ferraro,et al.  The Development of SSM/I Rain-Rate Retrieval Algorithms Using Ground-Based Radar Measurements , 1995 .

[58]  Catherine Prigent,et al.  Passive microwave airborne measurements of the sea surface response at 89 and 157 GHz , 1996 .

[59]  Christian Kummerow,et al.  A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors , 1996, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[60]  Fuzhong Weng,et al.  An eight-year (1987-1994) time series of rainfall, clouds, water vapor, snow cover, and sea ice derived from SSM/I measurements , 1996 .

[61]  Emmanouil N. Anagnostou,et al.  Stratiform and Convective Classification of Rainfall Using SSM/I 85-GHz Brightness Temperature Observations , 1997 .

[62]  F. Wentz.  A well‐calibrated ocean algorithm for special sensor microwave / imager , 1997 .

[63]  Joyce Chou,et al.  Cloud liquid water path comparisons from passive microwave and solar reflectance satellite measurements : Assessment of sub-field-of-view cloud effects in microwave retrievals , 1997 .

[64]  Ralph Ferraro,et al.  Special sensor microwave imager derived global rainfall estimates for climatological applications , 1997 .

[65]  G. Huffman,et al.  A Screening Methodology for Passive Microwave Precipitation Retrieval Algorithms , 1998 .

[66]  Catherine Prigent,et al.  Global maps of microwave land surface emissivities: Potential for land surface characterization , 1998 .

[67]  C. Kummerow,et al.  The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Sensor Package , 1998 .

[68]  Frank S. Marzano,et al.  Results of WetNet PIP-2 Project , 1998 .

[69]  Grant W. Petty,et al.  Validation and Intercomparison of SSM/I Rain-Rate Retrieval Methods over the Continental United States , 1998 .

[70]  F. Marzano,et al.  Results of WetNet PIP2 Project , 1998 .

[71]  Stephen J. English,et al.  Estimation of Temperature and Humidity Profile Information from Microwave Radiances over Different Surface Types , 1999 .

[72]  Ralf Bennartz,et al.  On the Use of SSM/I Measurements in Coastal Regions , 1999 .

[73]  Jean-Pierre Wigneron,et al.  Multifrequency emission of wheat: Modeling and applications , 2000, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[74]  E. Im,et al.  Estimating the Uncertainty in Passive-Microwave Rain Retrievals , 2000 .

[75]  E. Anagnostou,et al.  Overland Precipitation Estimation from TRMM Passive Microwave Observations , 2001 .

[76]  Fuzhong Weng,et al.  A microwave land emissivity model , 2001 .

[77]  Peter Bauer,et al.  Over-Ocean Rainfall Retrieval from Multisensor Data of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Part II: Algorithm Implementation , 2001 .

[78]  Peter Bauer,et al.  Including a melting layer in microwave radiative transfer simulation for clouds , 2001 .

[79]  Dong-Bin Shin,et al.  The Evolution of the Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) for Rainfall Estimation from Passive Microwave Sensors , 2001 .

[80]  Frank S. Marzano,et al.  Error analysis of TMI rainfall estimates over ocean for variational data assimilation , 2002 .

[81]  Qin Li,et al.  A parameterized surface reflectivity model and estimation of bare-surface soil moisture with L-band radiometer , 2002, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[82]  Andreas Macke,et al.  Errors in liquid water path retrieval arising from cloud inhomogeneities: The beam-filling effect , 2002 .

[83]  Jean-Pierre Wigneron,et al.  Global soil moisture retrieval from a synthetic L-band brightness temperature data set , 2003 .

[84]  Christian Kummerow,et al.  NASDARainfall algorithms for AMSR-E , 2003, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[85]  Ralph Ferraro,et al.  Next generation of NOAA/NESDIS TMI, SSM/I, and AMSR‐E microwave land rainfall algorithms , 2003 .

[86]  William J. Wilson,et al.  Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth , 2004 .

[87]  Fuzhong Weng,et al.  NOAA operational hydrological products derived from the advanced microwave sounding unit , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[88]  Ralph Ferraro,et al.  Microwave Rainfall Estimation over Coasts , 2005 .

[89]  Emmanouil N. Anagnostou,et al.  Regional Differences in Overland Rainfall Estimation from PR-Calibrated TMI Algorithm , 2005 .

[90]  Michael H. Freilich,et al.  Scatterometer-Based Assessment of 10-m Wind Analyses from the Operational ECMWF and NCEP Numerical Weather Prediction Models , 2005 .

[91]  Nobuhiro Takahashi,et al.  Rain/No-Rain Classification Methods for Microwave Radiometer Observations over Land Using Statistical Information for Brightness Temperatures under No-Rain Conditions , 2005 .

[92]  Christian D. Kummerow,et al.  Quantifying Global Uncertainties in a Simple Microwave Rainfall Algorithm , 2006 .

[93]  A. Gruber,et al.  The International Precipitation Working Group: A Bridge Towards Operational Applications , 2007 .

[94]  Toshio Iguchi,et al.  Space-Borne Radar Algorithms , 2007 .

[95]  Misako Kachi,et al.  Global Precipitation Map Using Satellite-Borne Microwave Radiometers by the GSMaP Project: Production and Validation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[96]  C. Morales,et al.  Continental Passive Microwave-Based Rainfall Estimation Algorithm: Application to the Amazon Basin , 2008 .

[97]  A. Hou,et al.  Evaluation of Coincident Passive Microwave Rainfall Estimates Using TRMM PR and Ground Measurements as References , 2008 .

[98]  Takeshi Manabe,et al.  Validation of rain/no-rain threshold value of cloud liquid water for microwave precipitation retrieval algorithm using CloudSat precipitation product , 2008, Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing.

[99]  T. Oki,et al.  An Evaluation of Over-Land Rain Rate Estimates by the GSMaP and GPROF Algorithms: The Role of Lower-Frequency Channels , 2009 .

[100]  Takuji Kubota,et al.  Improvement of Rain/No-Rain Classification Methods for Microwave Radiometer Observations over the Ocean Using a 37 GHz Emission Signature , 2009 .

[101]  Ralph Ferraro,et al.  TRMM 2A12 Land Precipitation Product - Status and Future Plans , 2009 .

[102]  Chuntao Liu,et al.  TRMM 2 A 12 Land Precipitation Product – Status and Future Plans , 2009 .

[103]  D. Wolff,et al.  Evaluation of TRMM Ground-Validation Radar-Rain Errors Using Rain Gauge Measurements , 2010 .

[104]  Ralph Ferraro,et al.  Status of the TRMM 2A12 Land Precipitation Algorithm , 2010 .

[105]  I. Jolliffe,et al.  Equitability Revisited: Why the ''Equitable Threat Score'' Is Not Equitable , 2010 .

[106]  Nai-Yu Wang,et al.  Prototyping a Generic, Unified Land Surface Classification and Screening Methodology for GPM-Era Microwave Land Precipitation Retrieval Algorithms , 2011 .

[107]  F. García-García,et al.  Evaluation of 2B31 TRMM‐product rain estimates for single precipitation events over a region with complex topographic features , 2012 .

[108]  J. P. Zagrodnik,et al.  Investigation of PR and TMI Version 6 and Version 7 Rainfall Algorithms in Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Relative to the NEXRAD Stage-IV Multisensor Precipitation Estimate Dataset , 2013 .

[109]  D. Nagesh Kumar,et al.  Copula-Based Modeling of TMI Brightness Temperature With Rainfall Type , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.