Effect of Seed Treatment by Cold Plasma on the Resistance of Tomato to Ralstonia solanacearum (Bacterial Wilt)

This study investigated the effect of cold plasma seed treatment on tomato bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum), and the regulation of resistance mechanisms. The effect of cold plasma of 80W on seed germination, plant growth, nutrient uptake, disease severity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and activities of peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.3.2) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) were examined in tomato plants. Plasma treatment increased tomato resistance to R. solanacearum with an efficacy of 25.0%. Plasma treatment significantly increased both germination and plant growth in comparison with the control treatment, and plasma-treated plants absorbed more calcium and boron than the controls. In addition, H2O2 levels in treated plants rose faster and reached a higher peak, at 2.579 µM gFW−1, 140% greater than that of the control. Activities of POD (421.3 U gFW−1), PPO (508.8 U gFW−1) and PAL (707.3 U gFW−1) were also greater in the treated plants than in the controls (103.0 U gFW−1, 166.0 U gFW−1 and 309.4 U gFW−1, respectively). These results suggest that plasma treatment affects the regulation of plant growth, H2O2 concentration, and POD, PPO and PAL activity in tomato, resulting in an improved resistance to R. solanacearum. Consequently, cold plasma seed treatment has the potential to control tomato bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum.

[1]  J. V. van Elsas,et al.  Effects of ecological factors on the survival and physiology of Ralstonia solanacearum bv. 2 in irrigation water. , 2001, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[2]  B. Kunkel,et al.  The Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine promotes virulence by overcoming salicylic acid-dependent defences in Arabidopsis thaliana. , 2005, Molecular plant pathology.

[3]  R. K. Kar,et al.  Possible mechanisms of light-induced chlorophyll degradation in senescing leaves of Hydrilla verticillata , 1987 .

[4]  Yuan-hua Dong,et al.  Effect of calcium nutrition on resistance of tomato against bacterial wilt induced by Ralstonia solanacearum , 2013, European Journal of Plant Pathology.

[5]  R. Goodman,et al.  The hypersensitive reaction in plants to pathogens: a resistance phenomenon. , 1994 .

[6]  M. Peet,et al.  Grafting Tomato with Interspecific Rootstock to Manage Diseases Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Southern Root-Knot Nematode. , 2010, Plant disease.

[7]  T. Berger,et al.  Inactivation of microorganisms by oxygen gas plasma , 1989, Current Microbiology.

[8]  M. Schell,et al.  Cloning of the egl gene of Pseudomonas solanacearum and analysis of its role in phytopathogenicity , 1988, Journal of bacteriology.

[9]  A. Hayward.  Biology and epidemiology of bacterial wilt caused by pseudomonas solanacearum. , 1991, Annual review of phytopathology.

[10]  L. G. Tensmeyer,et al.  Sterilization of glass containers by laser initiated plasmas. , 1981, Journal of parenteral science and technology : a publication of the Parenteral Drug Association.

[11]  Y. Elad,et al.  Influence of calcium nutrition on susceptibility of rose flowers to Bbotrytis blight , 1991 .

[12]  K. Watanabe,et al.  Select Calcium Compounds Reduce the Severity of Phytophthora Stem Rot of Soybean. , 2008, Plant disease.

[13]  J. Kolb,et al.  Inactivation of bacterial opportunistic skin pathogens by nonthermal DC‐operated afterglow atmospheric plasma , 2012, Letters in applied microbiology.

[14]  C. Dordas,et al.  Effect of Foliar Applied Boron, Manganese and Zinc on Tan Spot in Winter Durum Wheat. , 2006 .

[15]  李建刚,et al.  Effect of Cold Plasma Treatment on Seed Germination and Growth of Wheat , 2014 .

[16]  L. Romero,et al.  Response of phenolic metabolism to the application of carbendazim plus boron in tobacco , 1999 .

[17]  Pelletier,et al.  A parametric study of the destruction efficiency of Bacillus spores in low pressure oxygen‐based plasmas , 1998, Letters in applied microbiology.

[18]  P. Špatenka,et al.  Influence of Plasma Treatment on Wheat and Oat Germination and Early Growth , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[19]  Z. Punja,et al.  Efficacy of Biological and Chemical Treatments for Control of Fusarium Root and Stem Rot on Greenhouse Cucumber. , 2003, Plant disease.

[20]  A. Finger.  In‐vitro studies on the effect of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase on the formation of polyphenolic black tea constituents , 1994 .

[21]  Milan Tichý,et al.  Does Cold Plasma Affect Breaking Dormancy and Seed Germination? A Study on Seeds of Lamb's Quarters (Chenopodium album agg.) , 2009 .

[22]  M. Schell,et al.  Spatial-Temporal and Quantitative Analysis of Growth and EPS I Production by Ralstonia solanacearum in Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Cultivars. , 1999, Phytopathology.

[23]  A. Zahoranová,et al.  Growth, anatomy and enzyme activity changes in maize roots induced by treatment of seeds with low-temperature plasma , 2012, Biologia.

[24]  Hong-xia Liu,et al.  Analysis of defence enzymes induced by antagonistic bacteriumBacillus subtilis strain AR12 towardsRalstonia solanacearum in tomato , 2008, Annals of Microbiology.

[25]  R. Dixon,et al.  THE OXIDATIVE BURST IN PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE. , 1997, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[26]  K. Kao,et al.  Microwave plasmas for low-temperature dry sterilization. , 1996, Biomaterials.

[27]  E. Bormashenko,et al.  Cold Radiofrequency Plasma Treatment Modifies Wettability and Germination Speed of Plant Seeds , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[28]  C. Lacomme.  Plant Pathology , 2015, Methods in Molecular Biology.

[29]  Ma Buzhou,et al.  Stimulating Effects of Seed Treatment by Magnetized Plasma on Tomato Growth and Yield , 2005 .

[30]  B. Gossen,et al.  Boron reduces development of clubroot in canola , 2011 .

[31]  O. Ishizuka,et al.  Relationship between Resistance to Bacterial Wilt and Nutrient Uptake in Tomato Seedlings , 1996 .

[32]  Nevena Puač,et al.  The stimulatory effect of non-equilibrium (low temperature) air plasma pretreatment on light-induced germination of Paulownia tomentosa seeds , 2004 .

[33]  Yuan-hua Dong,et al.  Effect of a rock dust amendment on disease severity of tomato bacterial wilt , 2012, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

[34]  R. J. Porra,et al.  Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy , 1989 .

[35]  R. Mittler,et al.  Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. , 2004, Trends in plant science.