Online Dating

Online dating sites frequently claim that they have fundamentally altered the dating landscape for the better. This article employs psychological science to examine (a) whether online dating is fundamentally different from conventional offline dating and (b) whether online dating promotes better romantic outcomes than conventional offline dating. The answer to the first question (uniqueness) is yes, and the answer to the second question (superiority) is yes and no. To understand how online dating fundamentally differs from conventional offline dating and the circumstances under which online dating promotes better romantic outcomes than conventional offline dating, we consider the three major services online dating sites offer: access, communication, and matching. Access refers to users' exposure to and opportunity to evaluate potential romantic partners they are otherwise unlikely to encounter. Communication refers to users' opportunity to use various forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to interact with specific potential partners through the dating site before meeting face-to-face. Matching refers to a site's use of a mathematical algorithm to select potential partners for users. Regarding the uniqueness question, the ways in which online dating sites implement these three services have indeed fundamentally altered the dating landscape. In particular, online dating, which has rapidly become a pervasive means of seeking potential partners, has altered both the romantic acquaintance process and the compatibility matching process. For example, rather than meeting potential partners, getting a snapshot impression of how well one interacts with them, and then slowly learning various facts about them, online dating typically involves learning a broad range of facts about potential partners before deciding whether one wants to meet them in person. Rather than relying on the intuition of village elders, family members, or friends or to select which pairs of unacquainted singles will be especially compatible, certain forms of online dating involve placing one's romantic fate in the hands of a mathematical matching algorithm. Turning to the superiority question, online dating has important advantages over conventional offline dating. For example, it offers unprecedented (and remarkably convenient) levels of access to potential partners, which is especially helpful for singles who might otherwise lack such access. It also allows online daters to use CMC to garner an initial sense of their compatibility with potential partners before deciding whether to meet them face-to-face. In addition, certain dating sites may be able to collect data that allow them to banish from the dating pool people who are likely …

[1]  Paul W. Eastwick,et al.  Perceived, not actual, similarity predicts initial attraction in a live romantic context: Evidence from the speed-dating paradigm , 2013 .

[2]  James K. McNulty,et al.  Personality and Relationships , 2013 .

[3]  Glenn I. Roisman,et al.  Attachment styles in dating couples: Predicting relationship functioning over time , 2012 .

[4]  F. Fruyt,et al.  Personality similarity, perceptual accuracy, and relationship satisfaction in dating and married couples , 2012 .

[5]  A. Aron.  Online Dating , 2012, Psychological Science in the Public Interest.

[6]  Kate E Decleene,et al.  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 2011 .

[7]  Paul W. Eastwick,et al.  When and why do ideal partner preferences affect the process of initiating and maintaining romantic relationships? , 2011, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[8]  Paul W. Eastwick,et al.  Implicit and explicit preferences for physical attractiveness in a romantic partner: a double dissociation in predictive validity. , 2011, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  M. Delgado,et al.  The Inherent Reward of Choice , 2011, Psychological science.

[10]  Paul W. Eastwick,et al.  In live interaction, does familiarity promote attraction or contempt? Reply to Norton, Frost, and Ariely (2011). , 2011, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[11]  Susan K. Walker.  Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives , 2011 .

[12]  Paul W. Eastwick,et al.  Familiarity does indeed promote attraction in live interaction. , 2011, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[13]  A. Lenton,et al.  Too much of a good thing? Variety is confusing in mate choice , 2011, Biology Letters.

[14]  C. Sibley,et al.  The costs and benefits of sexism: resistance to influence during relationship conflict. , 2011, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[15]  J. Walther,et al.  Just say ‘‘no thanks’’: Romantic rejection in computer-mediated communication , 2011 .

[16]  Dan Ariely,et al.  The upside of irrationality , 2011, 2011 Aerospace Conference.

[17]  Jan Skopek,et al.  Who Contacts Whom? Educational Homophily in Online Mate Selection , 2011 .

[18]  K. Vohs,et al.  The Sum of Friends' and Lovers' Self-Control Scores Predicts Relationship Quality , 2011 .

[19]  Marian M. Morry,et al.  The attraction–similarity model and dating couples: Projection, perceived similarity, and psychological benefits , 2011 .

[20]  Bernie Hogan,et al.  A Global Shift in the Social Relationships of Networked Individuals: Meeting and Dating Online Comes of Age , 2011 .

[21]  Nicole B. Ellison,et al.  First Comes Love, Then Comes Google: An Investigation of Uncertainty Reduction Strategies and Self-Disclosure in Online Dating , 2011, Commun. Res..

[22]  J. Galen Buckwalter,et al.  Assortative mating, convergence, and satisfaction in married couples , 2010 .

[23]  H. Fisher,et al.  The second to fourth digit ratio: A measure of two hormonally-based temperament dimensions , 2010 .

[24]  Richard E. Lucas,et al.  Predicting relationship and life satisfaction from personality in nationally representative samples from three countries: the relative importance of actor, partner, and similarity effects. , 2010, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[25]  S. Iyengar,et al.  Born to choose: the origins and value of the need for control , 2010, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[26]  P. Todd,et al.  Can There Ever Be Too Many Options? A Meta-Analytic Review of Choice Overload , 2010 .

[27]  U. Böckenholt,et al.  Commentary on Scheibehenne, Greifeneder, and Todd Choice Overload: Is There Anything to It? , 2010 .

[28]  Benjamin Le,et al.  Predicting nonmarital romantic relationship dissolution: A meta-analytic synthesis , 2010 .

[29]  J. Teachman.  Work‐Related Health Limitations, Education, and the Risk of Marital Disruption , 2010 .

[30]  Timothy B. Smith,et al.  Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review , 2010, PLoS medicine.

[31]  Simona Botti,et al.  Dazed and confused by choice: How the temporal costs of choice freedom lead to undesirable outcomes , 2010 .

[32]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  General Evaluability Theory , 2010, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[33]  E. Finkel,et al.  Ways of Giving Benefits in Marriage , 2010, Psychological science.

[34]  J. Sautter,et al.  The Social Demography of Internet Dating in the United States , 2010 .

[35]  Nicole B. Ellison,et al.  Relationshopping: Investigating the market metaphor in online dating , 2010 .

[36]  Dan Ariely,et al.  What makes you click?—Mate preferences in online dating , 2010 .

[37]  Marco Francesconi,et al.  How Humans Cognitively Manage an Abundance of Mate Options , 2010, Psychological science.

[38]  P. Markey,et al.  A real-time assessment of interpersonal complementarity , 2010 .

[39]  Einar B. Thorsteinsson,et al.  The Five-Factor Model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis , 2010 .

[40]  Deborah A. Small,et al.  Fatal (Fiscal) Attraction: Spendthrifts and Tightwads in Marriage , 2010 .

[41]  Coye Cheshire,et al.  Who's Right and Who Writes: People, Profiles, Contacts, and Replies in Online Dating , 2010, 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[42]  G. Frazzetto.  The science of online dating , 2010, EMBO reports.

[43]  Monica T. Whitty,et al.  Looking for Love in so many Places: Characteristics of Online Daters and Speed Daters , 2009 .

[44]  J. Galen Buckwalter,et al.  Enhancing Mate Selection through the Internet: A Comparison of Relationship Quality between Marriages arising from an Online Matchmaking System and Marriages arising from Unfettered Selection , 2009 .

[45]  T. Loving,et al.  Contemporary Methods of Social Introduction: Is the Stigmatisation justified? , 2009 .

[46]  Wen-Bin Chiou,et al.  Looking Online for the Best Romantic Partner Reduces Decision Quality: The Moderating Role of Choice-Making Strategies , 2009, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[47]  P. Valkenburg,et al.  An experimental test of processes underlying self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication , 2009 .

[48]  S. Iyengar,et al.  Tragic Choices: Autonomy and Emotional Responses to Medical Decisions , 2009 .

[49]  W. Ickes,et al.  Big Five predictors of behavior and perceptions in initial dyadic interactions: personality similarity helps extraverts and introverts, but hurts "disagreeables". , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[50]  I. N. A. C. I. J. H. Fowler.  Book Review: Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. , 2009 .

[51]  Lisa A. Neff,et al.  Stress and reactivity to daily relationship experiences: How stress hinders adaptive processes in marriage. , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[52]  Mira Lee,et al.  Psychological Characteristics of Internet Dating Service Users: The Effect of Self-Esteem, Involvement, and Sociability on the Use of Internet Dating Services , 2009, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[53]  Hans-Peter Blossfeld,et al.  Educational Assortative Marriage in Comparative Perspective , 2009 .

[54]  Wen-Bin Chiou,et al.  More Options Lead to More Searching and Worse Choices in Finding Partners for Romantic Relationships Online: An Experimental Study , 2009, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[55]  D. Wood,et al.  Using revealed mate preferences to evaluate market force and differential preference explanations for mate selection. , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[56]  S. Craig Roberts,et al.  MHC-correlated mate choice in humans: A review , 2009, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[57]  Robert J. Stephure,et al.  Internet Initiated Relationships: Associations Between Age and Involvement in Online Dating , 2009, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[58]  J. Lohr,et al.  Browsing for love in all the wrong places: does research show that Internet matchmaking is more successful than traditional dating? , 2009 .

[59]  P. Valkenburg,et al.  The Effects of Instant Messaging on the Quality of Adolescents’ Existing Friendships: A Longitudinal Study , 2009 .

[60]  P. Valkenburg,et al.  Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents , 2009 .

[61]  P. Todd,et al.  The relationship between number of potential mates and mating skew in humans , 2009, Animal Behaviour.

[62]  R. Horton,et al.  Is actual similarity necessary for attraction? A meta-analysis of actual and perceived similarity , 2008 .

[63]  Michael I. Norton,et al.  People are experience goods: Improving online dating with virtual dates , 2008 .

[64]  Andrew M. Ledbetter.  Chronemic Cues and Sex Differences in Relational E-Mail , 2008 .

[65]  Guangjian Zhang,et al.  Predicting marital satisfaction from self, partner, and couple characteristics: is it me, you, or us? , 2008, Journal of personality.

[66]  A. Lenton,et al.  Changing her ways: The number of options and mate-standard strength impact mate choice strategy and satisfaction , 2008, Judgment and Decision Making.

[67]  R. Furr.  A framework for profile similarity: integrating similarity, normativeness, and distinctiveness. , 2008, Journal of personality.

[68]  Larry D. Rosen,et al.  The impact of emotionality and self-disclosure on online dating versus traditional dating , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[69]  Sally E. Rooke,et al.  The Heritability of Human Behavior: Results of Aggregating Meta-Analyses , 2008 .

[70]  Monica T. Whitty,et al.  Revealing the 'real' me, searching for the 'actual' you: Presentations of self on an internet dating site , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[71]  George Loewenstein,et al.  If I ’ m Not Hot , Are You Hot or Not ? Physical-Attractiveness Evaluations and Dating Preferences as a Function of One ’ s Own Attractiveness , 2008 .

[72]  P. Todd,et al.  “Shopping” for a Mate: Expected versus Experienced Preferences in Online Mate Choice , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication.

[73]  Jo Barraket,et al.  Dating and intimacy in the 21st century: the use of online dating sites in Australia , 2008 .

[74]  Azy Barak,et al.  Psychological Aspects of Cyberspace: Theory, Research, Applications , 2008 .

[75]  Monica T. Whitty,et al.  Would I lie to you? Self-serving lies and other-oriented lies told across different media , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[76]  Marti A. Hearst,et al.  Assessing attractiveness in online dating profiles , 2008, CHI.

[77]  Andrea Baker,et al.  Psychological Aspects of Cyberspace: Down the Rabbit Hole: The Role of Place in the Initiation and Development of Online Relationships , 2008 .

[78]  Susan C. Roberts,et al.  Good genes, complementary genes and human mate preferences , 2008, Genetica.

[79]  Günter J. Hitsch,et al.  Matching and Sorting in Online Dating , 2008 .

[80]  Brian A. Nosek,et al.  Distinguishing automatic and controlled components of attitudes from direct and indirect measurement methods. , 2008, Journal of experimental social psychology.

[81]  Artemio Ramirez,et al.  When Online Meets Offline: An Expectancy Violations Theory Perspective on Modality Switching , 2008 .

[82]  M. Kaplan.  Love: You have 4 minutes to choose your perfect mate , 2008, Nature.

[83]  Paul W. Eastwick,et al.  Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Revisited : Do People Know What They Initially Desire in a Romantic Partner ? , 2008 .

[84]  Nicholas O. Rule,et al.  The Face of Success Inferences from Chief Executive Officers' Appearance Predict Company Profits , 2008 .

[85]  J. O'Doherty,et al.  Marketing actions can modulate neural representations of experienced pleasantness , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[86]  Patti M. Valkenburg,et al.  Computer-Mediated Communication and Interpersonal Attraction: An Experimental Test of Two Explanatory Hypotheses , 2007, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[87]  Patti M. Valkenburg,et al.  Who Visits Online Dating Sites? Exploring Some Characteristics of Online Daters , 2007, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[88]  D. Annis.  Dyadic Data Analysis , 2007 .

[89]  B. Holmes.  In search of my "one and only"; Romance-related media and beliefs in romantic relationship destiny , 2007 .

[90]  Peter M. Todd,et al.  Different cognitive processes underlie human mate choices and mate preferences , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[91]  A. Nezu,et al.  Evidence-based outcome research: a practical guide to conducting randomized controlled trials for psychosocial interventions , 2007 .

[92]  Artemio Ramirez, Jr,et al.  When Online Meets Offline: The Effect of Modality Switching on Relational Communication , 2007 .

[93]  Susan M. Wildermuth,et al.  We Met on the Net: Exploring the Perceptions of Online Romantic Relationship Participants , 2007 .

[94]  Patrick M. Markey,et al.  Romantic ideals, romantic obtainment, and relationship experiences , 2007 .

[95]  C. Rusbult,et al.  To think or to do: The impact of assessment and locomotion orientation on the Michelangelo phenomenon , 2007 .

[96]  Thomas Bradbury,et al.  INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES Similarity, Convergence, and Relationship Satisfaction in Dating and Married Couples , 2007 .

[97]  B. Schwartz.  The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less , 2004 .

[98]  Lauren E. Scissors,et al.  Vengefully ever after: destiny beliefs, state attachment anxiety, and forgiveness. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[99]  Dan Ariely,et al.  Selective Versus Unselective Romantic Desire: Not All Reciprocity Is Created Equal , 2007, Psychological science.

[100]  Paul W. Eastwick,et al.  Speed-dating as an invaluable tool for studying romantic attraction: A methodological primer. , 2007 .

[101]  Arthur Aron,et al.  When similars do not attract: Tests of a prediction from the self-expansion model , 2006 .

[102]  Catherine J. Lutz-Zois,et al.  Perceived similarity and relationship success among dating couples: An idiographic approach , 2006 .

[103]  R. Gaunt,et al.  Couple similarity and marital satisfaction: are similar spouses happier? , 2006, Journal of personality.

[104]  R. Thornhill,et al.  Major Histocompatibility Complex Alleles, Sexual Responsivity, and Unfaithfulness in Romantic Couples , 2006, Psychological science.

[105]  Jeffrey T. Hancock,et al.  Separating Fact From Fiction: An Examination of Deceptive Self-Presentation in Online Dating Profiles , 2008, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[106]  Janine Willis,et al.  First Impressions , 2006, Psychological science.

[107]  David Jacobson,et al.  Impression Formation in Cyberspace: Online Expectations and Offline Experiences in Text-based Virtual Communities , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[108]  Helene M. Lawson,et al.  Dynamics of Internet Dating , 2006 .

[109]  Emir Kamenica,et al.  Gender Differences in Mate Selection: Evidence From a Speed Dating Experiment , 2006 .

[110]  A. Chernev.  Decision Focus and Consumer Choice Among Assortments , 2006 .

[111]  Ronald D. Rogge,et al.  Predicting marital distress and dissolution: refining the two-factor hypothesis. , 2006, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[112]  Joseph C. Nunes,et al.  The Endowed Progress Effect: How Artificial Advancement Increases Effort , 2006 .

[113]  M. Lucey.  Matchmaker, matchmaker, make me a match. , 2006, Transplantation.

[114]  Avner Caspi,et al.  Online Deception: Prevalence, Motivation, and Emotion , 2006, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[115]  Susan C. Roberts,et al.  MHC-assortative facial preferences in humans , 2005, Biology Letters.

[116]  Traci Anderson,et al.  Relationships among Internet Attitudes, Internet Use, Romantic Beliefs, and Perceptions of Online Romantic Relationships , 2005, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[117]  Stephanie L. Dickinson,et al.  Hostile marital interactions, proinflammatory cytokine production, and wound healing. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[118]  B. Western,et al.  Incarceration and the Formation and Stability of Marital Unions , 2005 .

[119]  Glenn I. Roisman,et al.  Predictors of young adults' representations of and behavior in their current romantic relationship: Prospective tests of the prototype hypothesis , 2005, Attachment & human development.

[120]  Shanhong Luo,et al.  Assortative mating and marital quality in newlyweds: a couple-centered approach. , 2005, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[121]  Ronald D. Rogge,et al.  Problem-solving skills and affective expressions as predictors of change in marital satisfaction. , 2005, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[122]  Sonja Utz,et al.  Types of Deception and Underlying Motivation , 2005 .

[123]  Jennifer Yurchisin,et al.  An exploration of identity re-creation in the context of internet dating , 2005 .

[124]  A. Cherlin,et al.  The Influence of Physical and Sexual Abuse on Marriage and Cohabitation , 2004 .

[125]  E. Pomerantz,et al.  The Causal Role of Theories of Relationships: Consequences for Satisfaction and Cognitive Strategies , 2004, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[126]  D. Watson,et al.  Match makers and deal breakers: analyses of assortative mating in newlywed couples. , 2004, Journal of personality.

[127]  M. Whisman,et al.  Psychopathology and marital satisfaction: the importance of evaluating both partners. , 2004, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[128]  Simona Botti,et al.  The psychological pleasure and pain of choosing: when people prefer choosing at the cost of subsequent outcome satisfaction. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[129]  D. Ariely,et al.  Auction fever: The effect of opponents and quasi-endowment on product valuations , 2004 .

[130]  Dan Ariely,et al.  Keeping Doors Open: The Effect of Unavailability on Incentives to Keep Options Viable , 2004, Manag. Sci..

[131]  Jeffrey T. Hancock,et al.  Deception and design: the impact of communication technology on lying behavior , 2004, CHI.

[132]  Judith S. Donath,et al.  Online personals: an overview , 2004, CHI EA '04.

[133]  Ron Leone,et al.  Sex, Love, and Romance in the Mass Media: Analysis and Criticism of Unrealistic Portrayals and Their Influence , 2004 .

[134]  Belinda Smaill.  Online Personals and Narratives of the Self: Australia's RSVP , 2004 .

[135]  Aaron Ben-Ze'ev,et al.  Love Online: Emotions on the Internet , 2004 .

[136]  Joanne Davila,et al.  Depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction: within-subject associations and the moderating effects of gender and neuroticism. , 2003, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[137]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Location, Location, Location: The Misprediction of Satisfaction in Housing Lotteries , 2003, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[138]  Shanhong Luo,et al.  Interpersonal attraction and personality: what is attractive--self similarity, ideal similarity, complementarity or attachment security? , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[139]  N. Bown,et al.  The lure of choice , 2003 .

[140]  K. Matthews,et al.  Marital status and quality in middle-aged women: Associations with levels and trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors. , 2003, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[141]  R. Thornhill,et al.  Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women , 2003 .

[142]  C. Agnew,et al.  Commitment and its theorized determinants: A meta–analysis of the Investment Model , 2003 .

[143]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  The Effects of Mindset on Behavior: Self-Regulation in Deliberative and Implemental Frames of Mind , 2003, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[144]  Avshalom Caspi,et al.  It's not just who you're with, it's who you are: personality and relationship experiences across multiple relationships. , 2002, Journal of personality.

[145]  E. Pomerantz,et al.  Implicit theories of relationships: Implications for relationship satisfaction and longevity. , 2002 .

[146]  J. Swaddle,et al.  Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior, and Health , 2002, Heredity.

[147]  Matthew D. Bramlett,et al.  Cohabitation, marriage, divorce, and remarriage in the United States. , 2002, Vital and health statistics. Series 23, Data from the National Survey of Family Growth.

[148]  Monica T. Whitty,et al.  Liar, liar! An examination of how open, supportive and honest people are in chat rooms , 2002, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[149]  L. Tidwell,et al.  Computer-Mediated Communication Effects on Disclosure, Impressions, and Interpersonal Evaluations: Getting to Know One Another a Bit at a Time , 2002 .

[150]  L. Hawkley,et al.  Loneliness and Health: Potential Mechanisms , 2002, Psychosomatic medicine.

[151]  Susan Sprecher,et al.  Social networks and change in personal relationships. , 2002 .

[152]  Richard C. Sherman,et al.  Attitudes and Practices Regarding the Formation of Romantic Relationships on the Internet , 2002, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[153]  C. Cohan,et al.  Life course transitions and natural disaster: marriage, birth, and divorce following Hurricane Hugo. , 2002, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[154]  Ed Diener,et al.  Very Happy People , 2002, Psychological science.

[155]  Claudia González-Vallejo,et al.  The Evaluability Hypothesis Revisited: Joint and Separate Evaluation Preference Reversal as a Function of Attribute Importance , 2001 .

[156]  P. Amato,et al.  The Transmission of Marital Instability across Generations: Relationship Skills or Commitment to Marriage? , 2001 .

[157]  P. Amato,et al.  The legacy of parents' marital discord: consequences for children's marital quality. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[158]  S. Beach,et al.  When does performance feedback prompt complementarity in romantic relationships , 2001 .

[159]  Jeff Gavin,et al.  Age/Sex/Location: Uncovering the Social Cues in the Development of Online Relationships , 2001, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[160]  J. Lydon,et al.  Mind-set and close relationships: when bias leads to (In)accurate predictions. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[161]  R. Heyman,et al.  The Hazards of Predicting Divorce Without Crossvalidation. , 2001, Journal of marriage and the family.

[162]  J. Glicksohn,et al.  Personality, cognitive style and assortative mating , 2001 .

[163]  B. Cornwell,et al.  Love on the Internet: involvement and misrepresentation in romantic relationships in cyberspace vs. realspace , 2001, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[164]  A. Joinson.  Self‐disclosure in computer‐mediated communication: The role of self‐awareness and visual anonymity , 2001 .

[165]  E. Deci,et al.  On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[166]  M. Lepper,et al.  The Construction of Preference: When Choice Is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing? , 2006 .

[167]  E. Higgins,et al.  To "do the right thing" or to "just do it": locomotion and assessment as distinct self-regulatory imperatives. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[168]  Eric Turkheimer,et al.  Three Laws of Behavior Genetics and What They Mean , 2000 .

[169]  A. Caspi,et al.  Two personalities, one relationship: both partners' personality traits shape the quality of their relationship. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[170]  R. Sabatelli.  The Social Psychology of Groups , 2000 .

[171]  T. Huston.  The Social Ecology of Marriage and Other Intimate Unions , 2000 .

[172]  R. Richardson,et al.  Digital Dating and Virtual Relating: Conceptualizing Computer Mediated Romantic Relationships , 2000 .

[173]  L. Eaves,et al.  Understanding biological and social influences on religious affiliation, attitudes, and behaviors: a behavior genetic perspective. , 1999, Journal of personality.

[174]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Preference Reversals between Joint and Separate Evaluations of Options: A Review and Theoretical Analysis , 1999 .

[175]  S. Sabourin,et al.  Personality and Marital Adjustment: Utility of the Five-Factor Model of Personality , 1999 .

[176]  Roseann Giarrusso,et al.  Intergenerational transmission of marital quality and marital instability , 1999 .

[177]  N. Bolger,et al.  Emotional transmission in couples under stress. , 1999 .

[178]  I. Gotlib,et al.  Consequences of depression during adolescence: marital status and marital functioning in early adulthood. , 1998, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[179]  G. Anzenberger,et al.  The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Mate Choice: Inbreeding Avoidance and Selection of Good Genes , 1998, Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics.

[180]  Malcolm R. Parks,et al.  `Making Moosic': The Development of Personal Relationships on Line and a Comparison to their Off-Line Counterparts , 1998 .

[181]  R. Nickerson.  Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises , 1998 .

[182]  R. Thornhill,et al.  Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men , 1998, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[183]  E Frank,et al.  Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults. , 1998, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[184]  Esther Gwinnell,et al.  Online Seductions: Falling in Love With Strangers on the Internet , 1998 .

[185]  G. A. Mendelsohn,et al.  Partner Selection for Personality Characteristics: A Couple-Centered Approach , 1998 .

[186]  John M. Gottman,et al.  Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions , 1998 .

[187]  C. Knee.  Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity. , 1998 .

[188]  S. Duck,et al.  Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions. , 1998 .

[189]  Rowland S. Miller.  Inattentive and Contented: Relationship Commitment and Attention to Alternatives , 1997 .

[190]  Stephen C. Wright,et al.  The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. , 1997 .

[191]  A. Cooper,et al.  Romance in Cyberspace: Understanding Online Attraction , 1997 .

[192]  B R Karney,et al.  Neuroticism, marital interaction, and the trajectory of marital satisfaction. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[193]  J. Walther.  Group and Interpersonal Effects in International Computer-Mediated Collaboration , 1997 .

[194]  N. Jacobson,et al.  Integrative Couple Therapy: Promoting Acceptance and Change , 1996 .

[195]  R. Kessler,et al.  Associations between Marital Distress and Work Loss in a National Sample. , 1996 .

[196]  Gary D. Sandefur,et al.  Growing up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps , 1996 .

[197]  Debra Merskin,et al.  Companionship in the Classifieds: The Adoption of Personal Advertisements by Daily Newspapers , 1996 .

[198]  Malcolm R. Parks.  Making Friends in Cyberspace , 1996, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[199]  Ted L. Huston,et al.  Compatibility and the development of premarital relationships , 1996 .

[200]  R. Koestner,et al.  Gender Characteristics and Relationship Adjustment: Another Look at Similarity‐Complementarity Hypotheses , 1995 .

[201]  Robert A. Levine,et al.  Love and Marriage in Eleven Cultures , 1995 .

[202]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Effects of mindset on positive illusions. , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[203]  B R Karney,et al.  The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: a review of theory, method, and research. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[204]  C. Wedekind,et al.  MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans , 1995, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[205]  R. Baumeister,et al.  The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. , 1995, Psychological bulletin.

[206]  J. Walther.  Relational Aspects of Computer-Mediated Communication: Experimental Observations over Time , 1995 .

[207]  V. Sadock.  The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States , 1995 .

[208]  D. Redelmeier,et al.  Medical decision making in situations that offer multiple alternatives. , 1995, JAMA.

[209]  Susan Sprecher,et al.  Sweet Talk: The Importance of Perceived Communication for Romantic and Friendship Attraction Experienced During a Get-Acquainted Date , 1994 .

[210]  J. Gottman.  What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. , 1994 .

[211]  David W. Park,et al.  Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction , 1994 .

[212]  A. Tellegen,et al.  Is human mating adventitious or the result of lawful choice? A twin study of mate selection. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[213]  Timothy J. Biblarz,et al.  The Effects of Attitudes Toward Family Life and Gender Roles on Marital Satisfaction , 1993 .

[214]  Mark W. Baldwin,et al.  Relational schemas and the processing of social information. , 1992 .

[215]  C. Nagoshi,et al.  Assortative mating for cognitive abilities, personality, and attitudes: Offspring from the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition , 1992 .

[216]  A. Tversky,et al.  Choice in Context: Tradeoff Contrast and Extremeness Aversion , 1992 .

[217]  A. Tversky,et al.  Choice in Context: Tradeoff Contrast and Extremeness Aversion , 1992 .

[218]  Mara B. Adelman,et al.  Formal Intermediaries in the Marriage Market: A Typology and Review. , 1992 .

[219]  P. A. Wells,et al.  Correlates of satisfaction in British marriages , 1992 .

[220]  John M. Gottman,et al.  How a couple views their past predicts their future: Predicting divorce from an oral history interview. , 1992 .

[221]  A. Ahuvia,et al.  Mediated channels for mate seeking: A solution to involuntary singlehood? , 1991 .

[222]  R. Mare.  Five decades of educational assortative mating. , 1991 .

[223]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias , 1991 .

[224]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem , 1990, Journal of Political Economy.

[225]  R. Goodwin.  Dating Agency Members: Are they `Different'? , 1990 .

[226]  B. A. Gladue,et al.  Gender Differences in Perception of Attractiveness of Men and Women in Bars , 1990 .

[227]  T. Heaton,et al.  The Effects of Religious Homogamy on Marital Satisfaction and Stability , 1990 .

[228]  Susan Sprecher,et al.  The importance to males and females of physical attractiveness, earning potential, and expressiveness in initial attraction , 1989 .

[229]  Patricia R. Koski,et al.  Using the personals ads: a deviant activity? , 1988 .

[230]  William Samuelson,et al.  Status quo bias in decision making , 1988 .

[231]  Kevin Lane Keller,et al.  Effects of Quality and Quantity of Information on Decision Effectiveness , 1987 .

[232]  C. Hazan,et al.  Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[233]  S. R. Hiltz,et al.  Experiments in group decision making: Communication process and outcome in face-to-face versus computerized conferences. , 1986 .

[234]  E. Berscheid,et al.  The Association between Romantic Love and Marriage , 1986 .

[235]  S. Kiesler,et al.  Group processes in computer-mediated communication☆ , 1986 .

[236]  Sara Kiesler,et al.  Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication , 1984 .

[237]  M. Clark.  Record keeping in two types of relationships. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[238]  Robert M. Fano,et al.  Computer-Mediated Communication , 1984, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.

[239]  C. Rusbult.  American Psychological Association, Inc. A Longitudinal Test of the Investment Model: The Development (and Deterioration) of Satisfaction and Commitment in Heterosexual Involvements , 2022 .

[240]  John K. Antill,et al.  Sex role complementarity versus similarity in married couples. , 1983 .

[241]  P. Barker.  Book Review: Attachment and Loss, Volume III: Loss - Sadness and Depression , 1983 .

[242]  R. Daft,et al.  Information Richness. A New Approach to Managerial Behavior and Organization Design , 1983 .

[243]  Roy J. Eidelson,et al.  Cognition and relationship maladjustment development of a measure of dysfunctional relationship beliefs. , 1982, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[244]  N. Malhotra.  Information Load and Consumer Decision Making , 1982 .

[245]  John Bowlby,et al.  Loss--Sadness and Depression , 1980 .

[246]  R. Thaler.  Toward a positive theory of consumer choice , 1980 .

[247]  Petersson Martin.  Marriage and Marital Therapy: Psychoanalytic, Behavioral and Systems Theory Perspectives , 1979 .

[248]  J. Pennebaker,et al.  Don't the Girls' Get Prettier at Closing Time: A Country and Western Application to Psychology , 1979 .

[249]  W. Swann,et al.  Hypothesis-Testing Processes in Social Interaction , 1978 .

[250]  E. Freedman,et al.  Complementarity versus Similarity of Traits Operating in the Choice of Marriage and Dating Partners , 1978 .

[251]  Timothy D. Wilson,et al.  Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. , 1977 .

[252]  E. Berscheid,et al.  Outcome dependency: Attention, attribution, and attraction. , 1976 .

[253]  E. Langer,et al.  The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: a field experiment in an institutional setting. , 1976, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[254]  A. Tversky.  Elimination by aspects: A theory of choice. , 1972 .

[255]  C. Hendrick,et al.  Introversion, extraversion, and interpersonal attraction. , 1971, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[256]  Uriel G. Foa,et al.  Interpersonal and Economic Resources , 1971, Science.

[257]  D. Byrne,et al.  Continuity between the experimental study of attraction and real-life computer dating. , 1970 .

[258]  D W Fulker,et al.  Comparison of the biometrical genetical, MAVA, and classical approaches to the analysis of human behavior. , 1970, Psychological bulletin.

[259]  J. Bowlby,et al.  Attachment and Loss, Volume I: Attachment , 1970 .

[260]  M. Argyle,et al.  EYE-CONTACT, DISTANCE AND AFFILIATION. , 1965, Sociometry.

[261]  Elliot Aronson,et al.  Gain and loss of esteem as determinants of interpersonal attractiveness , 1965 .

[262]  A. C. Kerckhoff.  Patterns of Homogamy and the Field of Eligibles , 1964 .

[263]  Cedric A. B. Smith,et al.  Introduction to Quantitative Genetics , 1960 .

[264]  D. Byrne.  Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. , 1961, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[265]  J. Schellenberg.  Homogamy in Personal Values and the “Field of Eligibles” , 1960 .

[266]  Robert F. Winch,et al.  Mate-Selection: A Study of Complementary Needs , 1959 .

[267]  Theodore M. Newcomb,et al.  The prediction of interpersonal attraction , 1956 .

[268]  R. Hill,et al.  Families under Stress , 1950 .

[269]  S. Asch.  Forming impressions of personality. , 1946, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[270]  E. Burgess,et al.  Predicting Success or Failure in Marriage. , 1940 .

[271]  L. Terman,et al.  Psychological factors in marital happiness. , 1939 .

[272]  E. Burgess,et al.  The prediction of adjustment in marriage , 1936 .

[273]  H. Fisher,et al.  Four Primary Temperament Dimensions Based on Neurochemistry: (516112012-001) , 2013 .

[274]  Jeffrey T. Hancock,et al.  Human Communication Research Issn 0360-3989 the Disclosure–intimacy Link in Computer-mediated Communication: an Attributional Extension of the Hyperpersonal Model , 2022 .

[275]  Valentin Schöndienst,et al.  The Role Of Linguistic Properties In Online Dating Communication - A Large-Scale Study Of Contact Initiation Messages , 2011, PACIS.

[276]  Mandy Morgan,et al.  Soulmates, compatibility and intimacy: Allied discursive resources in the struggle for relationship satisfaction in the new millennium , 2011 .

[277]  Rosanna E. Guadagno,et al.  Getting to know you: Face-to-face versus online interactions , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[278]  Bertram Gawronski,et al.  The Associative–Propositional Evaluation Model: Theory, Evidence, and Open Questions , 2011 .

[279]  Bridget L. Long.  Scripts for Online Dating: A Model and Theory of Online Romantic Relationship Initiation , 2010 .

[280]  K. Schmidt,et al.  Partner search in the digital age. Psychological characteristics of Online-Dating- Service-Users and its contribution to the explana- tion of different patterns of utilization. , 2010 .

[281]  Wen-Bin Chiou,et al.  The moderating role of need for cognition on excessive searching bias: a case of finding romantic partners online. , 2010, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[282]  Eli J. Finkel,et al.  Attraction and rejection , 2010 .

[283]  Trang Doan.  Online dating: Determining the presence of a stigma , 2010 .

[284]  H. Fisher.  Why Him? Why Her? , 2009 .

[285]  R. Conger,et al.  Understanding the Processes Through Which Economic Hardship Influences Families and Children , 2008 .

[286]  C. Roberts.  Good genes, complementary genes and human mate choice , 2008 .

[287]  C. Stewart Gillmor,et al.  Stanford, the IBM 650, and the First Trials of Computer Date Matching , 2007, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.

[288]  Daantje Derks,et al.  Emoticons and social interaction on the Internet: the importance of social context , 2007, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[289]  G. Gonzales,et al.  Information Technologies , 2019, Encyclopedia of Education and Information Technologies.

[290]  Benjamin R. Karney,et al.  Families Under Stress , 2007 .

[291]  M. Whitty,et al.  Cyberspace Romance: The Psychology of Online Relationships , 2006 .

[292]  Nicole B. Ellison,et al.  Managing Impressions Online: Self-Presentation Processes in the Online Dating Environment , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[293]  S. Livingstone,et al.  Handbook of new media : social shaping and social consequences of ICTs , 2006 .

[294]  Masuhiro Kogoma.  総論;総論;Introduction , 2006 .

[295]  Rense Lange,et al.  Do Online Matchmaking Tests Work ? An Assessment of Preliminary Evidence for a Publicized ' Predictive Model of Marital Success ' , 2005 .

[296]  M. Stein,et al.  Impact of infertility on quality of life, marital adjustment, and sexual function. , 2004, Urology.

[297]  D. Christopher Dryer,et al.  When Do Opposites Attract ? Interpersonal Complementarity Versus Similarity , 2004 .

[298]  小舟.  Speed Dating／闪电约会 , 2004 .

[299]  Katelyn Y. A. McKenna,et al.  Relationship formation on the Internet: What's the big attraction? , 2002 .

[300]  Katelyn Y. A. McKenna,et al.  Can you see the real me? Activation and expression of the "true self" on the Internet. , 2002 .

[301]  D. Penn.  The scent of genetic compatibility: Sexual selection and the major histocompatibility complex , 2002 .

[302]  N. Baym.  Interpersonal Life Online , 2002 .

[303]  D. Perrett,et al.  Putting beauty back in the eye of the beholder. , 2002 .

[304]  Malcolm R. Parks,et al.  Cues Filtered Out, Cues Filtered In: Computer-Mediated Communication and Relationships , 2002 .

[305]  Giacomo Mauro DAriano.  The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. , 2002 .

[306]  Book Reviews,et al.  The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature , 2002 .

[307]  Harry T. Reis,et al.  Stability and Change in Relationships: Contributors , 2002 .

[308]  Frank J. Bernieri,et al.  Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream , 2000 .

[309]  S. Utz.  Social information processing in MUDs: The development of friendships in virtual worlds. , 2000 .

[310]  R D Conger,et al.  Couple resilience to economic pressure. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[311]  Peter M. Gollwitzer,et al.  Deliberative versus implemental mindsets in the control of action , 1999 .

[312]  S. Chaiken,et al.  Dual-process theories in social psychology , 1999 .

[313]  H. Reis,et al.  Attraction and close relationships. , 1998 .

[314]  Niels G. Waller,et al.  Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. , 1998 .

[315]  J. Simpson,et al.  Attachment theory and close relationships. , 1998 .

[316]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality trait structure as a human universal. , 1997, The American psychologist.

[317]  A. Aron,et al.  Self-expansion motivation and including other in the self. , 1997 .

[318]  R. Simons.  Understanding differences between divorced and intact families: Stress, interaction, and child outcome. , 1996 .

[319]  Joseph B. Walther,et al.  Nonverbal cues in computer-mediated communication, and the effect of chronemics on relational communication , 1995, J. Organ. Comput..

[320]  Russell Spears,et al.  Love at first byte? Building personal relationships over computer networks. , 1995 .

[321]  Russell Spears,et al.  Love at first byte , 1995 .

[322]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  Measuring similarity in couples , 1994 .

[323]  Eric J. Johnson,et al.  The adaptive decision maker , 1993 .

[324]  John W. Payne,et al.  The adaptive decision maker: Name index , 1993 .

[325]  C. Rusbult,et al.  Should I stay or should I go? A dependence model of breakups. , 1992 .

[326]  R. Spears,et al.  Social influence and the influence of the 'social' in computer-mediated communication. , 1992 .

[327]  P. A. Wells,et al.  Personality similarity and quality of marriage , 1991 .

[328]  E. Deci,et al.  A motivational approach to self: integration in personality. , 1990, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[329]  Michael Sunnafrank.  Predicted Outcome Value in Initial Conversations , 1988 .

[330]  H. Reis,et al.  Intimacy as an interpersonal process. , 1988 .

[331]  E. L. Kelly,et al.  Personality and compatibility: a prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[332]  Linda L. Putnam,et al.  Handbook of Organizational Communication: An Interdisciplinary Perspective , 1987 .

[333]  J. A. Wakefield,et al.  Intelligence and personality in mate choice and marital satisfaction. , 1985 .

[334]  W. Hohenboken.  The Manipulation of Variation in Quantitative Traits: A Review of Possible Genetic Strategies1 , 1985 .

[335]  D. Watson,et al.  Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. , 1984, Psychological bulletin.

[336]  S. White,et al.  Couple complementarity and similarity: A review of the literature , 1984 .

[337]  D. Falconer.  Introduction to quantitative genetics. 1. ed. , 1984 .

[338]  N. Burley.  The meaning of assortative mating , 1983 .

[339]  Roy J. Eidelson,et al.  Unrealistic beliefs of clinical couples: Their relationship to expectations, goals and satisfaction , 1981 .

[340]  J. Veroff,et al.  Mental health in America : patterns of help-seeking from 1957 to 1976 , 1981 .

[341]  P. Shrout.  Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings: by Thomas D. Cook and Donald T. Campbell. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979 , 1980 .

[342]  T. Cook,et al.  Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings , 1979 .

[343]  John Short,et al.  The social psychology of telecommunications , 1976 .

[344]  I. Altman,et al.  Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships , 1973 .

[345]  John Bowlby,et al.  Separation: Anxiety and Anger , 1973 .

[346]  D. Campbell,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL AND QUASI-EXPERIMENT Al DESIGNS FOR RESEARCH , 2012 .

[347]  E. Goffman.  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , 1959 .

[348]  Mercer Jennifer Ann,et al.  PUBLICATION manual of the American Psychological Association. , 1952, Psychological bulletin.

[349]  R. Ralph,et al.  Social Pressures in Informal Groups. , 1951 .

[350]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .

[351]  L Darwin,et al.  Mate selection. , 1923, The Eugenics review.