This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon.

[1]  Jeffrey C. Wang,et al.  Cost and use of conservative management of lumbar disc herniation before surgical discectomy. , 2010, The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society.

[2]  Gordon H. Guyatt,et al.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: III. How to Use an Article About a Diagnostic Test A. Are the Results of the Study Valid? , 1994 .

[3]  O. Williamson,et al.  Delineating inflammatory and mechanical sub-types of low back pain: a pilot survey of fifty low back pain patients in a chiropractic setting , 2011, Chiropractic & manual therapies.

[4]  M. Albeck.  A critical assessment of clinical diagnosis of disc herniation in patients with monoradicular sciatica , 2005, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[5]  G. Malanga,et al.  Introduction: An Evidence-based Approach to the Musculoskeletal Physical Examination , 2006 .

[6]  R. Deyo,et al.  Overtreating Chronic Back Pain: Time to Back Off? , 2009, The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine.

[7]  H. Reihani-Kermani.  Correlation of clinical presentation with intraoperative level diagnosis in lower lumbar disc herniation , 2004, Annals of Saudi medicine.

[8]  J. Knottnerus,et al.  Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of lumbosacral nerve root compression , 2002, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[9]  A. Kamath,et al.  Correlation between clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in lumbar disc prolapse , 2010, Indian journal of orthopaedics.

[10]  K. Slavin,et al.  Spontaneous regression of a large lumbar disc herniation: report of an illustrative case. , 2001, Surgical neurology.

[11]  B. Koes,et al.  Browser’s notes , 2013, Skeletal Radiology.

[12]  D. Hunter,et al.  Bias in the physical examination of patients with lumbar radiculopathy , 2010, BMC musculoskeletal disorders.

[13]  B. Koes,et al.  Diagnostic Accuracy of the Clinical Examination in Identifying the Level of Herniation in Patients with Sciatica , 2011, Spine.

[14]  A. Akobeng.  Understanding diagnostic tests 2: likelihood ratios, pre‐ and post‐test probabilities and their use in clinical practice , 2007, Acta paediatrica.

[15]  C. Cook,et al.  The pain provocation-based straight leg raise test for diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation, lumbar radiculopathy, and/or sciatica: a systematic review of clinical utility. , 2012, Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation.

[16]  D. Yen,et al.  Effect of increased MRI and CT scan utilization on clinical decision-making in patients referred to a surgical clinic for back pain. , 2011, Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie.

[17]  P. Kjaer,et al.  Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of vertebral endplate signal (Modic) changes in the lumbar spine: the nordic modic consensus group classification , 2007, Acta radiologica.

[18]  V. Cassar-Pullicino,et al.  Low Back Pain on Passive Straight Leg Raising: The Anterior Theca as a Source of Pain , 2005, Spine.

[19]  G. Andersson,et al.  ▪ History and Physical Examination in Patients With Herniated Lumbar Discs , 1996, Spine.

[20]  O. Svensson,et al.  Physical Signs in Lumbar Disc Hernia , 1996, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[21]  R. Mobbs,et al.  Migration of lumbar disc herniation: An unusual case , 2007, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.

[22]  P. Beattie,et al.  Clinical prediction rules: what are they and what do they tell us? , 2006, The Australian journal of physiotherapy.

[23]  E. Carragee.  Persistent Low Back Pain , 2005 .

[24]  G. Waddell,et al.  Normality and reliability in the clinical assessment of backache. , 1982, British medical journal.

[25]  G. Malanga,et al.  Musculoskeletal Physical Examination: An Evidence-Based Approach , 2005 .

[26]  Steven P. Cohen,et al.  Effect of MRI on treatment results or decision making in patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy referred for epidural steroid injections: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. , 2012, Archives of internal medicine.

[27]  O. Johnell,et al.  Use of lumbar extension, slump test, physical and neurological examination in the evaluation of patients with suspected herniated nucleus pulposus. A prospective clinical study. , 1999, Manual therapy.

[28]  F. Gelal,et al.  Lumbar disk herniation with contralateral symptoms , 2006, European Spine Journal.

[29]  P. Heagerty,et al.  Three-Year Incidence of Low Back Pain in an Initially Asymptomatic Cohort: Clinical and Imaging Risk Factors , 2005, Spine.

[30]  Daniel Graves,et al.  2009 Review and Revisions of the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury , 2010, The journal of spinal cord medicine.

[31]  S. Masters,et al.  Musculoskeletal pain - presentations to general practice. , 2010, Australian family physician.

[32]  J. Twisk,et al.  Effect of caudal epidural steroid or saline injection in chronic lumbar radiculopathy: multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trial , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[33]  R. Deyo,et al.  Trends in Health Care Expenditures, Utilization, and Health Status Among US Adults With Spine Problems, 1997–2006 , 2009, Spine.

[34]  D. Singer,et al.  Long-Term Outcomes of Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Sciatica Secondary to a Lumbar Disc Herniation: 10 Year Results from the Maine Lumbar Spine Study , 2005, Spine.

[35]  Lumbar disk protrusion rates of symptomatic patients using magnetic resonance imaging. , 2010, Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics.

[36]  W. Lauerman,et al.  The Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine to Predict Low-Back Pain in Asymptomatic Subjects: A Seven-Year Follow-up Study , 2001, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[37]  H. Ünalan,et al.  The Sensitivity and Specificity of the Slump and the Straight Leg Raising Tests in Patients With Lumbar Disc Herniation , 2008, Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases.

[38]  J. Charnley.  Orthopaedic signs in the diagnosis of disc protrusion. With special reference to the straight-leg-raising test. , 1951, Lancet.

[39]  J. Keating,et al.  Classification in Nonspecific Low Back Pain: What Methods do Primary Care Clinicians Currently Use? , 2005, Spine.

[40]  A web-based computer program to determine the ASIA impairment classification , 2010, Spinal Cord.

[41]  T. Dillingham,et al.  Musculoskeletal Disorders in Referrals for Suspected Lumbosacral Radiculopathy , 2007, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[42]  N. Bogduk,et al.  Evidence-based care for low back pain in workers eligible for compensation. , 2006, Occupational medicine.