Somatotopic organization of the lateral part of area F2 (dorsal premotor cortex) of the macaque monkey.

The somatotopy of the lateral part of dorsal premotor area F2 has been studied by means of intracortical microstimulation and single neuron recording. The results show that most of this sector of F2 is excitable with low-intensity currents (3-40 microA) and that intracortical microstimulation evokes forelimb and trunk movements. Both proximal and distal forelimb movements are evoked in similar percentages. The proximal and distal forelimb representations partially overlap. However, proximal movements tend to be located more medially (laterally to the superior precentral dimple), whereas distal movements tend to be located more laterally (medially to the spur of the arcuate sulcus). The somatotopic organization demonstrated with microstimulation is confirmed by the similar somatotopic organization of active movements and of somatosensory properties revealed by single-neuron recording. The excitability and somatotopic organization of the lateral part of area F2 are discussed in relation to previous electrophysiological and anatomical findings. The involvement of the distal forelimb representation of area F2 in programming and controlling reaching to grasp movements is suggested.

[1]  RP Dum,et al.  Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: motor areas on the lateral surface of the hemisphere , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[2]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey , 1988, Experimental Brain Research.

[3]  K Zilles,et al.  Neurofilament protein distribution in the macaque monkey dorsolateral premotor cortex , 2000, The European journal of neuroscience.

[4]  E. G. Jones,et al.  Relationship of intrinsic connections to forelimb movement representations in monkey motor cortex: a correlative anatomic and physiological study. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[5]  S. Wise,et al.  A neurophysiological study of the premotor cortex in the rhesus monkey. , 1984, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[6]  H. Asanuma.  The Pyramidal Tract , 1981 .

[7]  C. Woolsey,et al.  Patterns of localization in precentral and "supplementary" motor areas and their relation to the concept of a premotor area. , 1952, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[8]  F. Plum.  Handbook of Physiology. , 1960 .

[9]  E Jankowska,et al.  The mode of activation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical stimuli. , 1975, The Journal of physiology.

[10]  G. Luppino,et al.  Visual responses in the dorsal premotor area F2 of the macaque monkey , 1999, Experimental Brain Research.

[11]  R. Nudo,et al.  Descending pathways to the spinal cord, III: Sites of origin of the corticospinal tract , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[12]  M. Inase,et al.  Neuronal activity in the primate premotor, supplementary, and precentral motor cortex during visually guided and internally determined sequential movements. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[13]  H C Kwan,et al.  Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. II. Motor outputs. , 1978, Journal of neurophysiology.

[14]  M. Jeannerod.  Specialized channels for cognitive responses , 1981, Cognition.

[15]  E. Murray,et al.  Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey , 1981, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[16]  I. Darian‐Smith,et al.  Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations, and connections. , 1994, Cerebral cortex.

[17]  F. Lacquaniti,et al.  Eye-hand coordination during reaching. I. Anatomical relationships between parietal and frontal cortex. , 2001, Cerebral cortex.

[18]  K. Kurata,et al.  Premotor cortex of monkeys: set- and movement-related activity reflecting amplitude and direction of wrist movements. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[19]  S P Wise,et al.  The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area: intracortical microstimulation mapping , 1987, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[20]  A new microstructural map of the macaque monkey lateral premotor cortex based on neurofilament protein distribution , 1998 .

[21]  S. Wise,et al.  Motor aspects of cue-related neuronal activity in premotor cortex of the rhesus monkey , 1983, Brain Research.

[22]  S. Wise,et al.  The premotor cortex of the monkey , 1982, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[23]  J. Murphy,et al.  Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. III. Input-output coupling. , 1978, Journal of neurophysiology.

[24]  M. Hepp-Reymond,et al.  Parcellation of the lateral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey based on staining with the neurofilament antibody SMI-32 , 1999, Experimental Brain Research.

[25]  M. Graziano,et al.  Complex Movements Evoked by Microstimulation of Precentral Cortex , 2002, Neuron.

[26]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Architecture of superior and mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex in the macaque monkey , 1991, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[27]  R. Porter,et al.  Corticospinal Function and Voluntary Movement , 1993 .

[28]  P. Strick,et al.  Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in Macaque Monkeys , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[29]  J Inukai,et al.  Principles of motor organization of the monkey cervical spinal cord , 1983, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[30]  G. Bonin,et al.  The neocortex of Macaca mulatta , 1947 .

[31]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Patterns of cytochrome oxidase activity in the frontal agranular cortex of the macaque monkey , 1985, Behavioural Brain Research.

[32]  E. Fetz,et al.  Comparable patterns of muscle facilitation evoked by individual corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells and by single intracortical microstimuli in primates: evidence for functional groups of CM cells. , 1985, Journal of neurophysiology.

[33]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Perceptual Structures and Distributed Motor Control , 1981 .

[34]  Luciano Fadiga,et al.  Space Coding in Inferior Premotor Cortex (Area F4): Facts and Speculations , 1996 .

[35]  Distribution of median, ulnar and radial motoneurons in the monkey spinal cord: a retrograde triple-labeling study , 2001, Neuroscience Letters.

[36]  W. D. Thompson,et al.  Excitation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical microstimulation: effective extent of stimulating current. , 1968, Journal of neurophysiology.

[37]  J. B. Ranck,et al.  Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: A review , 1975, Brain Research.

[38]  J. Tanji,et al.  Premotor cortex neurons in macaques: activity before distal and proximal forelimb movements , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[39]  D. Pandya,et al.  Architecture and frontal cortical connections of the premotor cortex (area 6) in the rhesus monkey , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[40]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Coding of peripersonal space in inferior premotor cortex (area F4). , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[41]  C Galletti,et al.  Superior area 6 afferents from the superior parietal lobule in the macaque monkey , 1998, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[42]  J. Kalaska,et al.  Modulation of preparatory neuronal activity in dorsal premotor cortex due to stimulus-response compatibility. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.

[43]  R Caminiti,et al.  Making arm movements within different parts of space: the premotor and motor cortical representation of a coordinate system for reaching to visual targets , 1991, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[44]  RP Dum,et al.  The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe , 1991, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[45]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Influence of different types of grasping on the transport component of prehension movements , 1991, Neuropsychologia.

[46]  Jun Tanji,et al.  Integration of target and body-part information in the premotor cortex when planning action , 2000, Nature.

[47]  M. Taussig.  The Nervous System , 1991 .

[48]  Paul B. Johnson,et al.  Cortical networks for visual reaching: physiological and anatomical organization of frontal and parietal lobe arm regions. , 1996, Cerebral cortex.

[49]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Multiple representations of body movements in mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex: An intracortical microstimulation study in the macaque monkey , 1991, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[50]  Andrew R Mitz,et al.  Somatotopy of monkey premotor cortex examined with microstimulation , 1995, Neuroscience Research.

[51]  H. Kuypers,et al.  Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis) , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[52]  Hiroshi Asanuma,et al.  Noxious effects of excessive currents used for intracortical microstimulation , 1975, Brain Research.

[53]  K. Kurata,et al.  Distribution of neurons with set- and movement-related activity before hand and foot movements in the premotor cortex of rhesus monkeys , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[54]  Paul B. Johnson,et al.  Premotor and parietal cortex: corticocortical connectivity and combinatorial computations. , 1997, Annual review of neuroscience.

[55]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Neurons related to goal-directed motor acts in inferior area 6 of the macaque monkey , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[56]  M. Jeannerod.  The timing of natural prehension movements. , 1984, Journal of motor behavior.

[57]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Object representation in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the monkey. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[58]  B. Alstermark,et al.  Disynaptic pyramidal excitation in forelimb motoneurons mediated via C(3)-C(4) propriospinal neurons in the Macaca fuscata. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[59]  J. Kalaska,et al.  Differential relation of discharge in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex to movements versus actively maintained postures during a reaching task , 1996, Experimental Brain Research.

[60]  C. G. Phillips,et al.  Mapping by microstimulation of overlapping projections from area 4 to motor units of the baboon’s hand , 1975, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.