A Cost-Efficient Energy Management System for Battery Swapping Station

Extensive penetration of electrified transportation (xEVs) would require a framework pertaining to smart grid applications for optimizing the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) management. Under this framework, an xEV aggregator would be an intermediary between an independent system operator and individual xEVs, which would offer flexibilities for operating electricity markets. In this paper, we propose a mix integer linear programming based optimal energy management system for battery swapping station (BSS) by participating in the day ahead, real-time and ancillary services. To incorporate the dynamicity of energy price and xEVs load in the optimization model, a suitable forecasting method is selected and suitability of the selected model has been discussed. Furthermore, we propose an incentive-based vehicle-to-vehicle game theoretic approach to assess the expected profit of the BSS aggregator. Later, the validation of the proposed framework is discussed through a case study considering a fleet of 100 xEVs. To incorporate real-time scenario, multitype electric vehicles (EVs) are considered.

[1]  Stefano Di Cairano,et al.  MPC-Based Energy Management of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[2]  Anastasios G. Bakirtzis,et al.  Real-Time Charging Management Framework for Electric Vehicle Aggregators in a Market Environment , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[3]  Mohammad Shahidehpour,et al.  Optimal placement of electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (xEVs) in Indian power market , 2017, 2017 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG).

[4]  M. Hidrue,et al.  Is there a near-term market for vehicle-to-grid electric vehicles? , 2015 .

[5]  Xiangqian Zhu,et al.  Dynamic operation model of the battery swapping station for EV (electric vehicle) in electricity market , 2014 .

[6]  Azah Mohamed,et al.  A review on energy management system for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle: Issues and challenges , 2015 .

[7]  Osama A. Mohammed,et al.  Optimal Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles for a Car-Park Infrastructure , 2014 .

[8]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue , 2005 .

[9]  Aoife Foley,et al.  Impacts of Electric Vehicle charging under electricity market operations , 2013 .

[10]  S. Martin,et al.  Demand-side management in smart grid operation considering electric vehicles load shifting and vehicle-to-grid support , 2015 .

[11]  Mohammad Saad Alam,et al.  Developments in xEVs charging infrastructure and energy management system for smart microgrids including xEVs , 2017 .

[12]  N. Shah,et al.  Optimal charging strategies of electric vehicles in the UK power market , 2011, ISGT 2011.

[13]  Mohammad Saad Alam,et al.  Fast EV charging station integration with grid ensuring optimal and quality power exchange , 2019, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal.

[14]  Mladen Kezunovic,et al.  Impact on Power System Flexibility by Electric Vehicle Participation in Ramp Market , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[15]  Mohammad A. S. Masoum,et al.  Real-Time Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grids to Minimize Power Losses and Improve Voltage Profile , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[16]  Mohammad Saad Alam,et al.  IoT Enabled Monitoring of an Optimized Electric Vehicle’s Battery System , 2018, Mob. Networks Appl..

[17]  Nancy Visairo,et al.  An advanced energy management system for controlling the ultracapacitor discharge and improving the electric vehicle range , 2015 .

[18]  John M. Miller,et al.  Electric Fuel Pumps for Wireless Power Transfer: Enabling rapid growth in the electric vehicle market , 2017, IEEE Power Electronics Magazine.

[19]  H. Feshki Farahani,et al.  Multi-objective Clearing of Reactive Power Market Including Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2013 .

[20]  Ross Baldick,et al.  The Evolution of Plug-In Electric Vehicle-Grid Interactions , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[21]  M. P. Moghaddam,et al.  Modeling of interactions between market regulations and behavior of plug-in electric vehicle aggregators in a virtual power market environment , 2012 .

[22]  Aqueel Ahmad,et al.  Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in India: Viability Analysis , 2018 .

[23]  Chang,et al.  Energy Management Strategies for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2005 .

[24]  Jeremy J. Michalek,et al.  Optimal Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Design and Allocation for Minimum Life Cycle Cost, Petroleum Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions , 2010 .

[25]  Vigna Kumaran Ramachandaramurthy,et al.  A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects , 2015 .

[26]  Shuhui Li,et al.  Energy Management and Control of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations , 2014 .

[27]  Aqueel Ahmad,et al.  A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging System , 2018 .

[28]  Ching Chuen Chan,et al.  Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Architectures and Modeling , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[29]  Frank C. Walsh,et al.  Energy and Battery Management of a Plug-In Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Fuzzy Logic , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[30]  Xiaolai He,et al.  Energy Management Strategies for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2005, 2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[31]  Mikiya Araki,et al.  Scenario analysis of lightweight and electric-drive vehicle market penetration in the long-term and impact on the light-duty vehicle fleet , 2017 .

[32]  Hamed Mohsenian Rad,et al.  Vehicle-to-Aggregator Interaction Game , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[33]  Sheldon S. Williamson,et al.  Power-Electronics-Based Solutions for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage and Management Systems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[34]  Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad,et al.  Optimal Sizing of Storage System in a Fast Charging Station for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.

[35]  Hrvoje Pandzic,et al.  Optimal Operation and Services Scheduling for an Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station , 2015 .

[36]  Ahmet Teke,et al.  A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle: Powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units , 2011 .