PDFgetX3: a rapid and highly automatable program for processing powder diffraction data into total scattering pair distribution functions

PDFgetX3 is a new software application for converting X-ray powder diffraction data to an atomic pair distribution function (PDF). PDFgetX3 has been designed for ease of use, speed and automated operation. The software can readily process hundreds of X-ray patterns within a few seconds and is thus useful for high-throughput PDF studies that measure numerous data sets as a function of time, temperature or other environmental parameters. In comparison to the preceding programs, PDFgetX3 requires fewer inputs and less user experience and it can be readily adopted by novice users. The live-plotting interactive feature allows the user to assess the effects of calculation parameters and select their optimum values. PDFgetX3 uses an ad hoc data correction method, where the slowly changing structure-independent signal is filtered out to obtain coherent X-ray intensities that contain structure informa­tion. The output from PDFgetX3 has been verified by processing experimental PDFs from inorganic, organic and nanosized samples and comparing them with their counterparts from a previous established software. In spite of the different algorithm, the obtained PDFs were nearly identical and yielded highly similar results when used in structure refinement. PDFgetX3 is written in the Python language and features a well documented reusable code base. The software can be used either as a standalone application or as a library of PDF processing functions that can be called from other Python scripts. The software is free for open academic research but requires paid license for commercial use.

[1]  T. Proffen,et al.  PDFgetX: a program for obtaining the atomic pair distribution function from X-ray powder diffraction data , 2001 .

[2]  Thomas F. Fuller,et al.  In-Situ Monitoring of Particle Growth at PEMFC Cathode under Accelerated Cycling Conditions , 2012 .

[3]  IFO: a Program for Image-Reconstruction-Type Calculation of Atomic Distribution Functions for Disordered Materials , 1998 .

[4]  S J L Billinge,et al.  PDFfit2 and PDFgui: computer programs for studying nanostructure in crystals , 2007, Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal.

[5]  K. Shankland,et al.  Characterisation of amorphous and nanocrystalline molecular materials by total scattering , 2010 .

[6]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[7]  S. Billinge,et al.  Fine-Scale Nanostructure in γ-Al2O3 , 2006 .

[8]  Simon J. L. Billinge,et al.  Improved measures of quality for the atomic pair distribution function , 2003 .

[9]  K. Lonsdale X-Ray Diffraction , 1971, Nature.

[10]  Simon J. L. Billinge,et al.  PDFgetX2: a GUI-driven program to obtain the pair distribution function from X-ray powder diffraction data , 2004 .

[11]  J. Hanson,et al.  Probing local and long-range structure simultaneously: an in situ study of the high-temperature phase transition of alpha-AlF3. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[12]  B. Warren,et al.  X-Ray Diffraction , 2014 .

[13]  Valeri Petkov,et al.  RAD, a program for analysis of X‐ray diffraction data from amorphous materials for personal computers , 1989 .

[14]  C. L. Farrow,et al.  Quantitative size-dependent structure and strain determination of CdSe nanoparticles using atomic pair distribution function analysis , 2007, 0704.1288.

[15]  H. Megaw Refinement of the structure of BaTiO3 and other ferroelectrics , 1962 .

[16]  Simon J. L. Billinge,et al.  Underneath the Bragg Peaks: Structural Analysis of Complex Materials , 2003 .

[17]  Simon J. L. Billinge,et al.  Revealing the mechanisms behind SnO2 nanoparticle formation and growth during hydrothermal synthesis: an in situ total scattering study. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[18]  K. Chapman,et al.  Applications of an amorphous silicon-based area detector for high-resolution, high-sensitivity and fast time-resolved pair distribution function measurements , 2007 .

[19]  S. Billinge,et al.  Data Requirements for the Reliable Use of Atomic Pair Distribution Functions in Amorphous Pharmaceutical Fingerprinting , 2011, Pharmaceutical Research.

[20]  A. P. Hammersley,et al.  Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan , 1996 .

[21]  Simon J L Billinge,et al.  Beyond crystallography: the study of disorder, nanocrystallinity and crystallographically challenged materials with pair distribution functions. , 2004, Chemical communications.

[22]  Simon J. L. Billinge,et al.  The nanostructure problem , 2010 .

[23]  J. Hanson,et al.  Rapid acquisition pair distribution function (RA-PDF) analysis. , 2003, cond-mat/0304638.

[24]  Simon J L Billinge,et al.  Relationship between the atomic pair distribution function and small-angle scattering: implications for modeling of nanoparticles. , 2008, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[25]  S. Billinge Nanoscale structural order from the atomic pair distribution function (PDF): There's plenty of room in the middle , 2008 .

[26]  Andrew L. Goodwin,et al.  Applications of pair distribution function methods to contemporary problems in materials chemistry , 2011 .

[27]  A. Soper,et al.  Extracting the pair distribution function from white-beam X-ray total scattering data , 2011 .