The GAZE groupware system: mediating joint attention in multiparty communication and collaboration

In this paper, we discuss why, in designing multiparty mediatedsystems, we should focus first on providing non-verbal cues whichare less redundantly coded in speech than those normally conveyedby video. We show how conveying one such cue, gaze direction, maysolve two problems in multiparty mediated communication andcollaboration: knowing who is talking to whom, and who is talkingabout what. As a candidate solution, we present the GAZE GroupwareSystem, which combines support for gaze awareness in multipartymediated communication and collaboration with small and linearbandwidth requirements. The system uses an advanced, desk- mountedeyetracker to metaphorically convey gaze awareness in a 3D virtualmeeting room and within shared documents.

[1]  Christian Heath,et al.  Disembodied conduct: communication through video in a multi-media office environment , 1991, CHI.

[2]  Roel Vertegaal.  GAZE : visual spatial attention in communication , 1998 .

[3]  J. Huisman.  The Netherlands , 1996, The Lancet.

[4]  S. Duncan,et al.  Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversations , 1972 .

[5]  Roel Vertegaal,et al.  Look who's talking: the GAZE groupware system , 1998, CHI Conference Summary.

[6]  John Short,et al.  The social psychology of telecommunications , 1976 .

[7]  Michael Argyle,et al.  The central Europe experiment: Looking at persons and looking at objects , 1976 .

[8]  Roel Vertegaal,et al.  Catching the eye: management of joint attention in cooperative work , 1997, SGCH.

[9]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  Speech patterns in video-mediated conversations , 1992, CHI.

[10]  B. Velichkovsky.  Communicating attention: Gaze position transfer in cooperative problem solving , 1995 .

[11]  Hans Eriksson,et al.  MBONE: the multicast backbone , 1994, CACM.

[12]  René Descartes,et al.  Discours de la me?thode , 2013 .

[13]  Steve Whittaker,et al.  Conversations Over Video Conferences: An Evaluation of the Spoken Aspects of Video-Mediated Communication , 1993, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[14]  Roel Vertegaal.  Conversational awareness in multiparty VMC , 1997, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[15]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  Remote Conversations: The Effects of Mediating Talk With Technology , 1995, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[16]  Hiroshi Ishii,et al.  ClearBoard: a seamless medium for shared drawing and conversation with eye contact , 1992, CHI.

[17]  M. Argyle.  The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour , 1967 .

[18]  A. Kendon.  Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction. , 1967, Acta psychologica.

[19]  M. Argyle,et al.  Gaze and Mutual Gaze , 1994, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[20]  Stephen R. Acker,et al.  Designing Videoconference Facilities for Improved Eye Contact. , 1987 .

[21]  Boris M. Velichkovsky,et al.  Towards gaze-mediated interaction: Collecting solutions of the "Midas touch problem" , 1997, INTERACT.

[22]  Nicholas Negroponte,et al.  Being Digital , 1995 .

[23]  Herbert L. Colston,et al.  Looking and lingering as conversational cues in video-mediated communication , 1995, CHI 95 Conference Companion.

[24]  John C. Tang,et al.  What video can and cannot do for collaboration: A case study , 1993, MULTIMEDIA '93.

[25]  Steve Benford,et al.  User embodiment in collaborative virtual environments , 1995, CHI '95.

[26]  Yutaka Matsushita,et al.  Multiparty videoconferencing at virtual social distance: MAJIC design , 1994, CSCW '94.

[27]  Paul Dourish,et al.  Re-place-ing space: the roles of place and space in collaborative systems , 1996, CSCW '96.

[28]  Hideyuki Nakanishi,et al.  FreeWalk: supporting casual meetings in a network , 1996, CSCW '96.

[29]  Boris M. Velichkovsky,et al.  Joint attention and co-construction of tasks , 1995 .