MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND NEUROCHEMICAL DISTURBANCES

The data presented in this manuscript suggest a pivotal role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the regulation of immune status. We describe here that some neurochemical disturbances may provoke development of various diseases including multiple sclerosis. Some theoretic and practical backgrounds, how to improve the multiple sclerosis sufferers and patients with other autoimmune disorders, are also given.

[1]  J. Loftis,et al.  Serotonin a la carte: supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. , 2006, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[2]  F. Lechin,et al.  Neuropharmacological Therapy of Carcinoid Syndrome , 2005, Neuroendocrinology.

[3]  C. Teunissen,et al.  Macrophages and neurodegeneration , 2005, Brain Research Reviews.

[4]  M. Wichers,et al.  Cytokines and major depression , 2005, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[5]  F. Lechin,et al.  Treatment of bronchial asthma with tianeptine. , 2004, Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology.

[6]  Richard T. Johnson.  The virology of demyelinating diseases , 2004, Annals of neurology.

[7]  F. Lechin,et al.  Neuropharmacological treatment of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: roles of circulating catecholamines and serotonin , 2004, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[8]  D. Mohr,et al.  Effects of Treatment for Depression on Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis , 2003, Psychosomatic medicine.

[9]  J. Haines,et al.  Multiple susceptibility loci for multiple sclerosis. , 2002, Human molecular genetics.

[10]  E. Bosmans,et al.  Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium are related to increased degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon which is related to immune activation. , 2002, Life sciences.

[11]  C. Wolfson,et al.  Human herpes virus 6 and multiple sclerosis , 2002, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[12]  F. Lechin,et al.  Neurocircuitry and Neuroautonomic Disorders: Reviews and Therapeutic Strategies , 2002 .

[13]  S. Jacobson,et al.  Role of viruses in etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis , 2001, Advances in Virus Research.

[14]  D. Mohr,et al.  Treatment of depression is associated with suppression of nonspecific and antigen-specific T(H)1 responses in multiple sclerosis. , 2001, Archives of neurology.

[15]  E. Bosmans,et al.  Increased serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations in major depression and multiple sclerosis , 2001, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[16]  E. Bosmans,et al.  Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antidepressants Through Suppression of the Interferon-γ/Interleukin-10 Production Ratio , 2001, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[17]  M. Maes.  The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants , 2001, Human psychopharmacology.

[18]  P. Trillenberg,et al.  Association between clinical disease activity and Epstein–Barr virus reactivation in MS , 2000, Neurology.

[19]  E. Bosmans,et al.  Effects of Serotonin and Serotonergic Agonists and Antagonists on the Production of Interferon-γ and Interleukin-10 , 2000, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[20]  H. McFarland,et al.  Increased lymphoproliferative response to human herpesvirus type 6A variant in multiple sclerosis patients , 2000, Annals of neurology.

[21]  C. Stratton,et al.  Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis , 1999, Annals of neurology.

[22]  B D Trapp,et al.  Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurologic disability. , 1999, Current opinion in neurology.

[23]  E. Bosmans,et al.  Negative Immunoregulatory Effects of Antidepressants: Inhibition of Interferon-γ and Stimulation of Interleukin-10 Secretion , 1999, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[24]  W. Savino,et al.  Immunoneuroendocrine Connectivity: The Paradigm of the Thymus-Hypothalamus/Pituitary Axis , 1999, Neuroimmunomodulation.

[25]  T. Birdsall,et al.  5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor. , 1998, Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic.

[26]  R. Sandyk,et al.  Serotonergic neuronal atrophy with synaptic inactivation, not axonal degeneration, are the main hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. , 1998, The International journal of neuroscience.

[27]  C. Stratton,et al.  Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS , 1998, Neurology.

[28]  P. Gallois,et al.  Variations of IL2, IL6, TNF alpha plasmatic levels in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. , 1997, Acta neurologica Belgica.

[29]  Thomas O. Staiger,et al.  The Efficacy of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for the Management of Chronic Pain , 1997, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[30]  R. Sandyk.  Tryptophan availability and the susceptibility to stress in multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. , 1996, The International journal of neuroscience.

[31]  P. A. Schad,et al.  Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  M. Feldmann,et al.  Are CD4+ Th1 cells pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory? The ratio of IL-10 to IFN-gamma or IL-2 determines their function. , 1995, International immunology.

[33]  J. Blalock,et al.  The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication. , 1994, Immunology today.

[34]  R. Sandyk.  Demyelination as an epiphenomenon in multiple sclerosis. , 1993, The International journal of neuroscience.

[35]  L. Hood,et al.  Transgenic mice that express a myelin basic protein-specific T cell receptor develop spontaneous autoimmunity , 1993, Cell.

[36]  C. Martyn,et al.  Symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis. , 1993, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[37]  R. Sandyk,et al.  Successful treatment of multiple sclerosis with magnetic fields. , 1992, The International journal of neuroscience.

[38]  W. Smoker,et al.  MRI in familial multiple sclerosis , 1990, Neurology.

[39]  M. Salter,et al.  The role of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in the hormonal control of tryptophan metabolism in isolated rat liver cells. Effects of glucocorticoids and experimental diabetes. , 1985, The Biochemical journal.

[40]  W. Sibley,et al.  CLINICAL VIRAL INFECTIONS AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS , 1985, The Lancet.

[41]  J. G. Phadke,et al.  Atypical and clinically silent multiple sclerosis: a report of 12 cases discovered unexpectedly at necropsy. , 1983, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[42]  C. Yates,et al.  Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. , 1977, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[43]  A. Hirano,et al.  Asymptomatic Demyelinated Plaque , 1974 .

[44]  U. Rinne,et al.  Acid monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis , 1973, Neurology.

[45]  Webb Haymaker,et al.  Bing's Local Diagnosis in Neurological Diseases , 1970 .

[46]  S. Lewsen,et al.  Letters to the EditorTRAUMA AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS , 1964 .

[47]  H. Miller.  TRAUMA AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. , 1964, Lancet.

[48]  E. Turner,et al.  5-Hydroxytryptophan plus SSRIs for interferon-induced depression: synergistic mechanisms for normalizing synaptic serotonin. , 2005, Medical hypotheses.

[49]  R. Joffe.  Depression and multiple sclerosis: a potential way to understand the biology of major depressive illness. , 2005, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN.

[50]  P. Riekkinen,et al.  Effects of L-tryptophan treatment on central indoleamine metabolism and short-lasting neurologic disturbances in multiple sclerosis , 2005, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[51]  F. Lechin,et al.  Similar Autonomic Nervous System Disorders Underlying Cystic Fibrosis and Pancreatic Cysts Allowed Common Neuropharmacological Therapy: Report of Four Cases , 2005 .

[52]  F. Lechin,et al.  Neuropharmacological therapy of polycythemia vera: roles of circulating catecholamines and serotonin , 2005, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[53]  M. Wichers,et al.  The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the pathophysiology of interferon-alpha-induced depression. , 2004, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN.

[54]  E. Maida.  Immunological reactions against Mycoplasma pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis: preliminary findings , 2004, Journal of Neurology.

[55]  M. Kesim,et al.  Possible involvement of opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms in antinociceptive effect of paroxetine in acute pain. , 2004, Journal of pharmacological sciences.

[56]  Prof. Dr. W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker,et al.  Neuropsychopharmacology , 2003, Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa.

[57]  R Sandyk,et al.  Progressive cognitive improvement in multiple sclerosis from treatment with electromagnetic fields. , 1997, The International journal of neuroscience.

[58]  R. Sandyk.  Rapid normalization of visual evoked potentials by picoTesla range magnetic fields in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. , 1994, The International journal of neuroscience.

[59]  B. Roos,et al.  5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological diseases. , 1974, European neurology.

[60]  A. Mangoni.  The "kynurenine shunt" and depression. , 1974, Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology.

[61]  A. Hirano,et al.  Asymptomatic demyelinated plaque in the spinal cord. , 1974, Archives of neurology.

[62]  Webb Haymaker.  Bing's local diagnosis in neurological diseases , 1969 .